58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.40. 



ancient island, joined to the mainland by the elevation of the land and also by silting 

 up a wide tract of mangrove swamp lying in the intervening space. As one ascends 

 the river, a few miles from the bay, evidences of elevation become everywhere visible 

 in the masses of limestone coral projecting from the swampy surface. In many cases 

 the flat surface of the ancient reef is but a few inches below the mud or actually on the 

 surface. A little farther an irregular line of limestone hills, mostly with precipitous 

 and waterworn sides, runs in a general direction parallel with the coast. The 

 uncleared land is all heavy forest. Many old clearings and some new exist in the 

 neighborhood of the rivers. The population of the coast is made up of Bugis, Banjer, 

 and other Mohammedan Malay tribes. Inland is a large Dyak (pagan) population. 

 The Dutch annexed this district in 1905. 



Pangkallahan (or Bangkallaan) River. — Kampong Pangkallahan is about 7 miles 

 up the river of the same name and is the residence of the mankoh, or head of the Dyaks 

 of the district. The country is covered with splendid forest, with only a few clear- 

 ings. There are ranges and scattered hills of precipitous limestone rock. Animals 

 seemed scarce, as usual in Dyak districts, everything hunted off or driven away by' 

 the Dyaks and their dogs. They have very few guns and no powder. About a half 

 mile above the village is the lower entrance to the Temmelung or tunnel of the Pang- 

 kallahan. This tunnel cave, through which the river flows, swarms with bats as well as 

 with edible birds'-nest swifts, hundreds of thousands of their nests being collected 

 annually. I could not devise any way of catching the bats, as I had no net and had 

 not brought a gun for fear of a capsize, there being a dangerous rapid near the lower 

 end of the tunnel. The Temmelung must be about 2 miles long, judging by the time 

 we took passing through it. It is through limestone rock. I do not think the roof 

 was anywhere very thick, at some places only 2 or 3 yards. That part of the country 

 is full of limestone hills and rocks all honeycombed with caves and passages. But 

 bats did not seem to be present in the hundreds of holes I visited, except an occasional 

 individual which I could not secure. Judging from the noise, for the light from the 

 torches did little but accentuate the gloom, there must be hundreds of thousands in 

 the Temmelung. Another tunnel occurs farther up the same river, but I did not 

 visit it, as it was said to be very difficult of passage except by a very small canoe. 



Saratok River. — The Saratok is a small river flowing into Klumpang Bay. Two 

 Dyak houses stood in a small new clearing. Back of this and extending eastward for 

 nearly 2 miles was a large tract of alang alang (tall, coarse grass) covering several hun- 

 dred acres. Ther; appeared to be a good many rusa here, but the grass, 4 to 5 feet 

 high, made it very difficult to shoot anything. When the grass is burned off in the dry 

 season the place is said to be frequented by a herd of sapi utan (Bos sondaicus). There 

 were no tracks of these at the time of my visit. Most of my collecting was done near 

 some limestone hills and rocks about a mile westward in the midst of splendid forest. 

 Only the red Presbytis was seen here; near the coast only the black one existed. 



Besides the animals shot in Klumpang Bay I saw the long-tailed and the pig-tailed 

 macaques and Presbytis cristata. 



Pamukang or Tjengal Bay, March 17-April 7, 1908, and March 23-April 13, 1909. 



Musangs were generally scarce except the tangalunga, which was common. I 

 let most of those go which I caught in traps. The Mydaus was well known, but no 

 specimens were obtained. Gymnura must be very common, as one often smelt them 

 in the jungle, although none were obtained. The pig-tailed macaque was twice met 

 with in droves, but none were secured. I met with Reithrosciurus twice on Bukit 

 Batu. It was running on the ground in heavy forest. Its movements were so quick 

 I could not shoot it. Its big bushy tail, carried high over its back, made the animal 

 very conspicuous. I was much surprised to find that it is a ground squirrel. The 

 headman of the Bajaus at Sungei Manungul, Pamukang Bay, said there used to be 

 some rhinos in that locality, but he had seen no traces for years. 



Pasir River, December 31, 1908-January 22, 1909. 



