no. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY— LYON. 61 



by a coral reef. It lies midway between Madura and Borneo, 84 miles to each. There 

 is quite a large population, 300 to 400 of Bugis and Madurese. The island has been 

 settled about forty years. Most of the heavy forest has been cleared, except about the 

 hill. The soil, dark red, with many stones and rocks of lava upon the surface, is very 

 fertile, and produces large crops of paddy and maize. The only mammals I saw were 

 flying foxes, which were quite common. Rats were said to be plentiful. There are 

 no monkeys or squirrels. There are said to be many sapi or feral cattle (Bos sondaicus), 

 and the natives were very anxious for me to go and shoot some, but I did not have 

 time to do so. They are said to have been running wild a long time. Birds are very 

 plentiful. The anxiety as to the safety of my schooner prevented me from doing as 

 much as I would have liked, besides cutting short my stay, for the wind went around 

 to the northwest and we had to get out on short notice. I should like to have put in 

 several more days and visited Pulo Solombo Kitchil. There are no people upon the 

 latter and it is still uncleared forest. Birds are said to be very plentiful there. 



Bawean Island, November 24-27, 1907. (Not shown on map.) Bawean Island 

 lies about 60 miles north of the Straits of Madura. It is about 11 miles long by 10 

 wide, the area being about 100 square miles. The surface is mountainous, several of 

 the hills rising from 2,000 to 2,200 feet. The island is volcanic, the rocks being mostly 

 lava and basalt, with some limestone. There are extensive coral reefs around the 

 coast. Many volcanic cones are scattered about and there are several hot springs. 

 A beautiful lake of about 15 acres called the Telaga occupies the extinct crater of the 

 mountain of the same name. The island is densely inhabited around the coasts, 

 the population being about 50,000. Most of the men go to Java, the Straits, and 

 Sumatra is search of work. Nearly all the saises in Singapore and Penang are 

 Beyanese. One sees but few males between the ages of 18 and 40 in Bawean. The 

 women weave the mats of pandanus, for which the island is famous, and which are 

 exported all over the archipelago. Animal life is not plentiful. Remarkably few 

 birds are to be seen. As for mammals, pigs are very common. The only ones obtained, 

 however, were young — too small to be of any use as specimens. The rusa (Cervus 

 kuhli) m is not numerous, and is only found in a few localities. The only specimens 

 obtained were three pairs of horns from the kampong of Tombak on the north side 

 of the island. It is more numerous on the hills behind Tombak than at any other 

 place. There is also a porcupine, possibly two species, a musang, a Mam's, and what 

 appears to be an otter, but they do not seem to be common, and none were obtained. 

 Pteropus was very common, but no other bats were seen. The cattle are the tame 

 variety of Bos sondaicus, which has been introduced from Bali. They are not used 

 for milk, but are employed to some extent for draft and plowing. A few buffaloes 

 are also kept. There is but little virgin forest left upon Bawean. The largest piece 

 lies upon the northern slopes of the central mountain mass, especially Gunong Besar 

 and the Telaga. There is also a tract upon the west coast which I did not visit, 

 however, and there are some small patches on the eastern and southern slopes of the 

 mountains. The rest of the island is to a great extent covered with small scrub and 

 giant bamboos. Mangos and jack fruit escaped from cultivation form much of the 

 jungle. The scrub is everywhere traversed by the trails formed by the numerous 

 cattle. 

 Arends (or Keramian") Island, November 24, 1908. (See map, p. 57.) 

 Pulo Mata Siri, December 7-11, 1907, and November 25-December 1, 1908. 

 Mata Siri is the largest of the Laurot or Laut Kitchil Islands. It is 7£ miles long by 

 1J broad, is 1,400 feet high. There is scarcely any level ground, the whole island 

 being hilly, consisting of a long ridge dividing into two peninsulas at its northeast 

 end, inclosing the bay of Telok Sungei. It is a good, safe harbor, and we lay there in 

 security, although the westerly monsoon was blowing strong at the time. The other 

 two islands of the group, Kalambau and Kadapangan, are each about one-half the 

 eize of Mata Siri, and each consists of one long ridge. The islands are of granite 



