SALMON AND TROUT IN ALASKA. 77 



H. S. Davis in the Pacific Fisherman (vol. i, no. 6, July, 1903, p. 6 

 and 7) summarizes the data as known up to that time. The facts 

 advanced as evidence of the existence of such instinct are: (1) Dis- 

 tinctive and characteristic runs in various streams; (2) return of 

 marked salmon to the stream in which liberated; (3) introduction 

 into streams not previously frequented. 



"introduction INTO STREAMS NOT PREVIOUSLY FREQUENTED." 



On this subject little material data beyond Davis's citations is at 

 hand. There is no report that runs have been established in either 

 Papermill Creek or Chinook River. The release of fry in the Chinook 

 River has been continuous since 1898, with no definite result. The 

 presence of salmon in abundance in Tomales Bay has been reported, 

 but seems to be only a result of their general abundance throughout 

 the streams of northern California, and can not be credited to the 

 plants in Papermill Creek. The introduction of Pacific salmon into 

 streams of the eastern United States or of Europe seems not yet to 

 have been successful. Until complete knowledge of the environ- 

 mental requisites of the different species is obtained, the failure to 

 establish them in these locations can not be accounted for. 



The station at Baird, Cal., was opened in 1872 for the collection 

 of salmon eggs for shipment to other streams, mainly in order to 

 introduce the species into the waters of the Atlantic coast. The 

 experiment was conducted on a scale unprecedented. The first 

 plant was of about 6,000 fingerlings in the Susquehanna at Har- 

 risburg in March, 1873. During the next three years over 640,000 

 were planted in the Great Lakes system, over 3,250,000 in Atlantic 

 coast streams, over 1,000,000 in tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, 

 principally in the Mississippi and its branches, and several hundred 

 thousand were scattered about in the lakes of Minnesota, Colorado, 

 and Utah. To these plants 18,250,000 fry were added in the next 

 five years. The last large plant was made in 1881, at which 

 time the result had become less hopeful and the demand for 

 more attention to the California home waters more urgent. This 

 attempt at acclimatization was based entirely on the fact that the 

 salmon is known to leave the cold ocean water and enter the warm 

 rivers for spawning. The Sacramento rises to a temperature of over 

 80 and the Columbia reaches almost the same. Conditions appeared 

 to be practically equivalent on the opposite coast, so far as tempera- 

 ture, volume, length, source, and nature of the rivers, the presence 

 of food and enemies, etc., are concerned. But the attempt was an 

 absolute failure. 



The success recently attained in introducing both sockeyes and 

 king salmon into the streams of New Zealand should supply valuable 



