322 American Fisheries Society 



pioneer work had been accomplished in various countries up to 

 1882, when a better combination of textual description and 

 tabular illustration came into vogue as the result of operations 

 conducted in the inner bay of Kiel. The open water species, 

 Calanus finmarchicus, already mentioned, does not penetrate 

 into the Kiel Inlet, although it occurs in the outer bay or Kiel 

 Bay proper. An almost equally abundant North Atlantic 

 species, Temora longicornis, does occur there. In the win- 

 ter and spring of 1872 the herring fishery at Kiel was one of 

 unprecedented magnitude. For three weeks in January and 

 February it was estimated that 240,000 herrings were taken 

 daily. Their stomach contents consisted mainly of Temora 

 longicornis whose total length is 1,5 mm. Often in five or six 

 successive samples examined under the microscope, nothing 

 more than Temora longicornis could be detected, filling the stom- 

 ach of the herring with a compact pinkish bolus. The number 

 of individuals in such a mass ranged up to the astonishing fig- 

 ure of 60,000. Professor Mobius considered it safe to assume 

 that on the average every herring caught in Kiel Inlet had con- 

 sumed 10,000 Temora during its stay there, and the total num- 

 ber ingested during the three weeks amounted to 43,200 millions 

 of individuals. Tow-nettings showed that Kiel harbor at that 

 time was swarming with Temora longicornis. 



The animals and microscopic plants which pass their entire 

 lives swimming or drifting in the sea and carried along by the 

 currents from the shore line to the high seas, from the surface 

 downwards, were not united under any comprehensive name 

 capable of world-wide adoption until 1887, when the term 

 "plankton" was successfully introduced by V. Hensen, the orig- 

 inator of the Plankton Expedition of 1889. Since that date 

 quantitative results have been obtained methodically, thereby 

 throwing much light upon the movement of life in the sea, the 

 circulation of food, and the reproduction of fishes. The animal 

 portion of the plankton is conveniently termed zooplankton, and 

 the plant portion is the phytoplankton, the latter consisting of 

 microscopic vegetable organisms known as diatoms and peri- 



