THE FLORAL WORLD AND GARDEN GUIDE, 305 
all disappeared, while his standards, with their longer and stronger 
roots foraging over a larger space, have made some growth, and the 
earlier-bearing varieties have produced some inferior specimens of 
fruit; but the result is very unsatisfactory, and exhibitions are 
declared humbugs, and the dealers in trees a fraud. 
The production of good fruit is not the work of chance. The 
same causes, under the same or similar circumstances, must pro- 
duce the same or similar results, subject only tothe variation of the 
seasons, and itis well known that many of the largest and best spe- 
cimens of pears shown at the fall “exhibitions are grown on dwarf 
trees. The quince delights in a deep, strong, moist soil, and grafting 
the pear upon it does not change the nature or wants of its roots. 
I set out upon this kind of soil, in the spring of 1862, fifty pear- 
trees, one half dwarfs. The ground was thoroughly prepared to the 
depth of two feet. The trees were three years from the bud, small, 
but not stunted. They had the wood of the previous year well 
ripened, and good roots, carefully taken from the nursery rows, and 
not allowed to become dry before being reset. The dwarfs were low 
worked, or budded near the roots, and set so low asto leave two or 
three inches of soil above the quince portion ef tie stock after it 
became settled around the trunk. These trees madea uniform growth 
the first season as strong as in subsequent years. The fruit-buds 
were all removed the first two years ; the third year a few specimens 
were allowed to grow, and since that time the dwarfs have produced 
regular crops every year, and they have nearly, if not quite, all of 
them become partially or entirely standard trees, having thrown 
roots from the pear stock below the surface. The dwarfs gave me 
the advantage over standards of their early fruiting, and have in the 
meantime become, partially at least, standard trees, though they 
retain the fertility, habit of growth, and other properties peculiar to 
the dwarf, producing those varieties so unreliable and often imper- 
fect, especially in the first years of fruiting, on the standards, with 
the same regularity and uniform good qualities as when wholly 
dwarfs. 
Though most of the varieties of pears may be grown upon the 
quince, yet to a few of the more common and desirable kinds this 
stock seems especially adapted ; in fact, were it not for the dwarfing 
some of the best varieties would be unknown among small collec- 
tions, of which they form so desirable a part. The Duchesse 
d’Augouléme, one of the best, though uncertain and often worth- 
less, especially in the first years of fruiting on the standard, is yet 
one of the most reliable on the quince, often producing large and 
beautiful specimens among its first fruitas a dwarf. The Urbaniste 
is a pear of excellent quality, but its value looks dim in the distant 
future if we have to wait for it on the standard; while as a dwarf it 
is an ornamentin the garden, growing naturally in pyramidal form 
and commencing to fruit in five or six years from transplanting, after 
which it is among the most reliable for its yearly returns, and the 
fruit being distributed evenly over the tree, requires less thinning 
than many varieties. 
The Vicar of Winkfield, though not a pear of the first quality, 
October. 20 
