376 THE FLORAL WORLD AND GARDEN GUIDE, 
their market, taking care to plant well-made healthy trees; for while we may hold 
that a race or variety has in it an almost inextinguishable life, we must admit that 
individual trees do not necessarily partake of it. 
It will be expected I should say something of garden trees, although they 
present a subject somewhat far removed from the one before me, As a matter of 
course, the same general principles apply equally to trees in gardens and in orchards, 
although in the one case small supplies of many sorts are required, and in the other 
large supplies of few sorts. Well, a few unpruned thrifty bushes to supply the 
house with a sufficiency of apples, pears, and plums may with great advantage be 
considered necessary features in a garden. When we come to collections and 
restricted culture, the case assumes another aspect. Iam not here to quarrel with 
any man who seeks amusement in pinching pear-trees, but the truth must be told, 
that the fruit produced by trees “‘ properly” pinched, rarely pays for the time 
bestowed in producing it. I have witnessed hundreds of instances of this kind, A 
gentleman forms a fruit garden, and secures a collection of trees, His gardeners 
persistently prune and pinch them, and tbe owner enjoying a cigar, while sauntering 
about the garden occasionally has a turn at pinching himself. This goes on for 
years, and a few packs of fruit are secured, but never such a quantity as can be 
properly called a crop. The supply that was hoped for is always to come next 
season, and as to-morrow never comes, so the fruitful season never comes—that is 
to say, it does not come according to the pruning and pinching mode of inviting it. 
Hope deferred maketh the heart sick, and the owner and his men enter into a 
conspiracy against the miniature trees, they do not confess it. The result is that 
the trees are neglected ? they no longer enjoy the inestimable advantage of scientific 
pruning, and as nobody now cares what they do they make a vigorous growth, as if 
going in for basket work. In about three years from the time the trees began to 
have their own way, they are found to be loaded with fruit, and some of them 
break down under their honourable loads, and the problem is solved, how to secure 
fruit ina garden. Now, as we must provide amusements in the garden, and the 
planting and pruning of fruit trees is a pastime that many amateurs delight in, 
I propose that we bring it as closely as possible into conformity with the teachings 
ofnature. It is a maxim of Roman law that the freeholder’s rights extend as deep 
as he can dig, and as high as he can soar—Usque ad celam. I ask you as 
philosophers to bear in mind that the chief task in every case, for the tiller of the 
ground, is to convert sunshine into money. It follows that the larger the tree in 
proportion to the ground it covers, the more profitable it will prove in fruit bearing. 
Suppose a case. We select a tall Normandy poplar, and hang upon it as many 
apples and pears as it can carry. We shall require thousands of fruits for the 
adornment of this tree. We next find a dwarf spreading miniature tree such as 
horticulture declares the correct thing, and this tree we proceed to adorn in like 
manner. We do not need thousands of fruits now, hundreds will suffice ; indeed, 
a few dczens will goa long way. And when we measure the space of ground 
covered by each tree we find it nearly the same, the difference in the dimensions 
being in the perpendicular. The Lombardy poplar has the best of it as a converter 
of sunshine into money. Thus we learn that the upright cordon is the best form in 
which to prune and train trees where it is desired to cover a small space of ground 
with a considerable collection of varieties of fruits. By allowing the trees to go up, 
we, in some measure, compensate them for the restriction of their lateral growth; 
we accomplish the principal object of restriction with less violence to nature, and 
we secure healthier and more fruitful trees than by any other process of close 
pruning, 
Finally, I have spoken thus far of trees proper, and will conclude by saying that 
bush-fruits no more need pruning than apple, and pear, and plum treesdo. The 
experience of only one season will settle the matter, and the raspberry may be 
selected as an extreme case. Plant in deep strong land well prepared, a row of 
canes of any of the popular red sorts. Put them a yard apart, and allow plenty of 
room right and left of the row. Having planted them, do nothiug more, but take 
particular care that the ground is not dug amongst their roots. They are not to be 
supported, or sheltered, or meddled with at all. In the course of the summer they 
will throw up three or four stout canes that will arch outwards naturally to secure 
a share of the sunlight, and in due time these canes will produce fruit from top to 
bottom, The next lot of canes wili be stouter than a stout man’s thumb ; there 
