THE FLORAL WOELD AND GAEDEN GUIDE. 327 



It may be well here to say, that for a fountain there must be a 

 reserve of water at a higher level than the fountain itself. In 

 towns this is easily accomplished by constructing a cistern in some 

 elevated part of the residence, and securing a supply to it from the 

 ordinary water-pipes. Then from the cistern there must be another 

 service to the fountain. If the house is far removed from the foun- 

 tain, it will be better to place the cistern on the summit of a tower, 

 shed, summer-house, or other structure, as the longer the supply- 

 pipe the more will the play of the fountain be lessened by friction ; 

 for though water will always rise in a pipe to the level of the point 

 of departure, it requires time to do so, and friction reduces the 

 rapidity of the flow, and hence the force with which a fountain will 

 play cannot be determined solely by the difference of altitude 

 between the jet and the cistern. If the supply-pipe is one hundred 

 yards in length, the height of the fountain will be reduced one foot 

 below what it would attain if tbe supply were close beside it. Sup- 

 pose that, according to the respective levels of the jet and the cistern, 

 a fountain ought to rise ten feet, we have only to remove the cistern 

 to a distance of one thousand yards to nullify the whole effect of 

 the descending force of the column of water, and, consequently, 

 destroy the jet altogether. To determine the adjutage is easy 

 enough by experiment with a leaden nozzle, which can be pressed 

 or opened to the dimensions found to suit the circumstances, and 

 this course is absolutely necessary where the engineer has no ready 

 means of ascertaining the power of the head. As a rule, the 

 adjutage, or opening of the pipe, should be one-fourth the size of the 

 pipe itself, but every fountain should be supplied with a series of 

 adjutages to produce different forms of jets, as the force of the head 

 may vary, or as the caprice of the possessor may determine. 



To increase the force of a fountain it may be placed at a com- 

 paratively low level, yet the lower the level the less is its dignity, 

 and it is generally much better to adapt the head to the level than 

 the level to the head, for a fountain constructed with taste is too 

 expensive and important an affair to be placed anywhere but in a 

 conspicuous position — that is, if it is to form any part of the garden 

 scenery. Once set the stream flowing, and it may be turned to 

 many uses after it has splashed and glistened in the form of feathers, 

 baskets, parabolas, and true-lover's knots ; the outflow may bo 

 arrested at points where water is required for strictly horticultural 

 purposes, to save that everlasting fetch-and-carry which is the bane 

 of many an otherwise good garden, and after that the wilder parts 

 of the ground may have the benefit of a rill where water-cresses 

 would grow and the robins would wash themselves. 



There is only one position proper for a pond in a garden, and 

 that is somewhat remote from the house, and on the lowest level of 

 the place, where it will naturally receive much of the rainfall. A 

 pond is a miniature lake ; it must be in the natural style, no matter 

 what its size or shape, and hence costly architectural accessories are 

 not needed. In choosing a site for the pond, give preference, if 

 possible, to a position where two or more walks meet at the junction 

 of the dressed grounds with the wildest portions of the scenery. In 



November. 



