THE FLORAL WORLD AND GARDEN GUIDE. 329 



pipe raised, the bottom lowered, and the whole of the banks lowered 

 from nothing at the deep end to five feet at the shallow end, which 

 you may be sure was a much severer task than first lowering it pro- 

 perly would have been. Suppose tbe workman makes an excavation, 

 if he is working to a dead level, and the result is the line a b. Now 





let the water into the pond, and the result is the line c d. Under 

 some circumstances it would appear as if the water in this case lay 

 all aslant. This necessity for a dead level is a separate affair alto- 

 gether from tbe scenery of the banks ; for the banks may rise into 

 knolls, steeps, mounds, or what else, with the greatest propriety, 

 and, in fact, it adds very much to the beauty of a sheet of water if 

 it is enclosed on one side by shelving banks and rising grounds ; but 

 these may all be considered in the first instance in relation to the 

 dead level, which the water will always present, and the excavation 

 for a pond must be conducted with a view to that dead level from 

 beginning to end. 



Another matter calling for remark is, as to supply and waste. 

 If placed in the lower part of the grounds at the time the drainage 

 is effected, all the drains can be made to converge to one main, 

 which will convey the water to the pond. The outflow should be on 

 the opposite side, to convey the water to a lower level. The level of 

 the water will be determined by the position of o, the outfall, and 



w _o 



this will be determined by the highest point to which the supply, s, 

 can be carried, and this highest point must of necessity be the lowest 

 in the whole set of drains in communication with s. The larger the 

 pond the greater must be the difference between the level of the 

 supply, s, and the outfall, o. If these approximate too closely to a 

 dead level, then the flow will be so sluggish that the water will soon 

 get foul. There is always one resource available for remedying 

 defects of level or supply, and that is, to raise or depress the outfall, 

 so as to quicken or slacken the flow of water towards it, and to 

 secure the possibility of altering the outfall at any time there should 

 be a quick fall from the outlet to the drains, brooks, and ditches 

 that are to receive the waste. 



{To he continued.) 



Nevember. 



