58 Analyses of Books. [JuLy, 
formed upon the plan previously furnished by the Marquis of 
Worcester in his Century of Inventions. Morland was presented 
to the French monarch in 1682, and in the course of the follow- 
ing year, his apparatus is said to have been actually exhibited at 
St. Germain’s.” 
The claim lately made by the Americans to the invention of 
the steam boat is completely set at rest by reference to Mr. P.’s 
work, in which we find, under the head of Steam Navigation, p- 
53, the following curious historical data : 
“In 1698 Savery recommended the use of paddle wheels 
similar to those now so generally employed in steam vessels, 
though without, in the remotest degree, alluding to his engine 
as a prime mover; and it is probable that he intended to employ 
the force of men or animals working at a winch for that purpose. 
About 40 years after the publication of this mode of propelling 
vessels, Mr. Jonathan Hulls obtained a patent for a vessel in 
which the paddle wheels were driven by an atmospheric engine 
of considerable power. In describing his mode of producing a 
force sufficient for towing of vessels and other purposes, the 
ingenious patentee says: ‘ In some convenient part of the tow 
boat, there is placed a vessel about two-thirds full of water, with 
the top close shut. This vessel being kept boiling, rarefies the 
water into steam: this steam being conveyed through a large 
pipe into a cylindrical vessel, and there condensed, makes a 
vacuum, which causes the weight of the atmosphere to press on 
this vessel, and so forces down a piston that is fitted into this 
cylindrical vessel in the same manner as in Mr. Newcomen’s 
engine, with which he raises water by fire. 
“Mr. Hull’s patent is dated 1736, and he employed a crank to 
produce the rotatory motion of his paddle wheels ; and this inge- 
nious mode of converting a reciprocating into a rotatory motion 
was afterwards recommended by the Abbé Arnal, Canon of Alais, 
in Languedoc, who, in 1781, proposed the crank for the purpose 
of turning paddle wheels in the navigation of lighters.” a 
Mr. Partington gives the following account of the improve- 
ments effected by Mr. Watt: 
“ Mr. Watt’s attention was first drawn to this subject by an 
examination of a small model of an atmospheric engine belong- 
ing to the University of Glasgow, which he had undertaken to 
repair. In the course of his experiments with it, he found the 
quantity of fuel and injection water it required, much greater in 
proportion than in the larger engines; and it occurred to him 
that this must be owing to the cylinder of this small model 
exposing a greater surface in proportion to its contents, than 
was effected by larger cylinders. This he endeavoured to 
remedy, by employing non-conducting substances for those parts 
of the engine which came in immediate contact with the steam. 
After a variety of experiments, the results of which we shall 
presently describe, he succeeded 4n constructing a working 
a a 
