106 Extracts from the “ Journal of a Survey to explore (Aue. 
‘centre of the snow valley, loaded with the pieces of rock they 
had involved. 
It is not very easy to account for the deep rents which inter- 
‘sect this snow bed, without supposing it to be full of hollow 
places. Itstruck us that the late earthquakes might have occa- 
sioned some of the rents. I never saw them before on other 
snow beds, except at Jumnotri, where they are occasioned by 
the steam of the extensive range of boiling springs there ; per- 
haps there may be such springs here also: they are frequent in 
the Himalaya, and one might suppose they were a provision of 
nature to insure a supply of water to the heads of the great rivers 
in the winter, when the sun can have little power of melting the 
snow above those deep recesses. 
I will now proceed to give some account of the course of the 
river Jumna within the mountains, and of its spring at Jumnotri, 
which I also visited this year. The above remarks respecting 
the Ganges haying already swelled this paper to too great a 
bulk, I will make those regarding the Jumna in as few words as 
possible. In the maps published 10 years ago, the Jumna is 
Jaid down as having a very long course from the latitude of 341°; 
from what authority it is difficult to guess, for much as has been 
surmised and written respecting the head of the Ganges, I can- 
not find any accounts of that of the Jumna. It was not known 
until the year 1814, that the Jumna, properly so called, was a 
comparatively small river above its junction with the Tonse in 
the Din, and I believe the existence of the latter river, though 
fully treble the size of the Jumna, was unknown to Europeans. 
The junction of the Tonse and Jumna takes place at the NW. 
end of the Din valley, in latitude 30° 30’, where the large river 
loses its name in that of the small one, and the united stream is 
called the Jumna. The course of the Jumna from Jumnotri, 
which is in latitude 30° 59’, being generally 8S. 50° W. Itis 
fordable above the confluence, but the Tonse is not. Not 
having visited the sources of the Tonse, I am not certain 
whether it rises within the Himalaya, as the B’hagiratt’hi does, 
or at its SW. or exterior base, like the Jumna; but the latter 
I believe to be the case. I apprehend that three consider- 
able streams which, like the Jumna, originate from the south 
faces of the Himalaya, in the districts of Barasa, Leulowari, and 
Deodara Kowarra, join to form the Tonse; and it receives a 
considerable accession of water from the Paber river, which I 
imagine to be equal in size to any of the three above-mentioned 
feeders. Respecting them, | have at present only native inform- 
ation to guide me, but of the Paber, I can speak with more con- 
fidence; for when, in June, 1816, I penetrated within the 
Himalaya by the course of the Setlej, 1 found that the north 
bases of many of the snowy peaks seen from the plains of Hin- 
dustan, were washed by that river. Its course, in the province 
of Kunauw, in latitude 31° 31’, and longitude 78° 18’, being from 
