1822.] the Sources of the Rivers Ganges and Jumna.” 107 
east 25 S, to 25 to the N. of west. In this position, the Setlej 
is bounded both to the N, and 8. by high and rugged snowy 
mountains, from which many torrents descend, and increase 
its bulk, Leaving the left bank and bed of the river, I ascended 
the snowy range, of which it washes the north base, and crossed 
over it on the 21st June, 1816, at 40 minutes past 11 o’clock in 
the forenoon, during a heavy fall of snow, being the first Euro- 
pean who effected a passage over the grand Himalaya ridge in 
that direction. 
On surmounting the crest of the pass, I found that the Indra- 
yati river, which is a principal branch of the Paber, originated 
from the snows, on which I descended on the SW. or hither side 
of the ridge; and I followed its channel to the place where it 
joins the Paber, which river must have its beginning, in like 
manner, on the same side of the ridge, as I was informed by the 
people of the country it had, and | am nearly certain it is the 
case; and it is most probable that all the streams which form 
the Tonse do, in like manner, descend from the SW. side of the 
fronting snowy range, the NE. base of which is washed by the 
Setlej, as above-mentioned. 
However, I intend to explore the sources of th2 Tonse, as 
well as of the Setle} and Jahnavi rivers. But to return to the 
Jumna. 
The route from its confluence with the Tonse in the Din is 
thus; to Calsi four miles, a large village immediately within 
the mountains of Jaunsar, of which district it is esteemed the 
capital. It is situated between two high and steep mountains, 
and on the Omla, a small river which joins the Jumna. Calsi 
is a place of some little trade, as the people of the neighbouring 
mountains bring to it their productions, and exchange them for 
cash to pay their rents, and a very small quantity of the produce 
of the plains. On the march, the Jumna is forded above its 
confluence with the Tonse. Carriage cattle may go to Cals, 
but further within the mountains every article is carried on men’s 
backs. Latitude of Calsi, 30° 31’ 24”. 
Six thousand paces of exceedingly steep ascent of the moun- 
tain on left bank of the Omla; 2600 paces easier to the village 
of Khuny on the ridge ; remainder, along the mountain’s side, 
with occasional ascent and descents to the foot of the peak of 
' Birat, which rises conically above the ridge ; 1800 paces of the 
steep ascent up it to the fort, which is a small double enclosure. 
It was abandoned by the Gorc’ha garrison on the approach of a 
force under Col. Carpenter. 
The height of Birat above Seharanpur (which is visible from 
it) is 6508 feet ; it commands a noble view of the snowy moun- 
tains and the various intermediate ranges, as well as of the Dun. 
valley, and the plains on both sides of the Jumna. 
Invalids from the plains requiring a change of climate may 
find it at Birat. In the winter the fort is almost buried in snow, 
