140 Rev. Mr. Buckland’s Account of Fossii Teeth and [Ave. 
discovered in the cave at Kirkdale, are referable to the follow- 
ng 22 species of animals. 
7 Carnivora.—Hyena, tiger, bear, wolf, fox, weasel, and an 
unknown animal of the size of a wolf. 
4 Pachydermata.—Elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and 
horse. . 
4 Ruminantia.— Ox, and three species of deer, 
3 Rodentia.—Rabbit, water-rat, and mouse. 
4 Birds.—Raven, pigeon, lark, and a small species of duck, 
resembling the anas sponsor, or summer duck. 
The bottom of the cave, on first removing the mud, was found 
to be strewed all overlike a dog kennel, from one end to the 
other, with hundreds of teeth and bones, or rather broken and 
splintered fragments of bones, of all the animals above enume- 
rated; they were found in greatest quantity near its mouth, 
simply because its area in this part was most capacious ; those 
of the larger animals, elephant, rhinoceros, &c. were found 
co-extensively with all the rest, even in the inmost and smallest 
recesses (see Pl. XIV. fig. 3). Scarcely a single bone has 
escaped fracture, with the exception of the astragalus, and 
other hard and solid bones of the tarsus and carpus joints, and 
of the toes. Onsome of the bones marks may be traced, which, 
on applying one to the other, appear exactly to fit the form of 
the canine teeth of the hyena that occur in the caye. The 
hyenas’ bones have been broken, and apparently gnawed equally 
with those of the other animals. Heaps of small splinters, and 
highly comminuted, yet angular fragments of bone, mixed with 
teeth of all the varieties of animals above enumerated, lay in the 
bottom of the den, occasionally adhering together by stalactite, 
and forming, as has been before mentioned, an osseous breccia. 
Many insulated fragments also are wholly or partially enveloped 
with stalactite, both externally and internally. Not one skull is 
to be found entire; and it is so rare to find a large bone of any 
kind thathas not been more or Jess broken, that there is no hope of 
obtaining materials for the construction of any thing like a ske- 
leton. The jaw bones also, even of the hyenas, are broken like 
the rest; and in the case of all the animals, the number of teeth 
and of solid bones of the tarsus and carpus, is more than twenty 
times as great as could have been supplied by the individuals 
whose other bones we find mixed with them. 
Fragments of jaw bones are by no means common: the 
greatest number | saw belong to the deer, hyzena, and water- 
rat, and retain their teeth; in all the jaws both teeth and bone 
are in an equal high state of preservation, and show that their 
fracture has been the effect of violence, and not of natural decay. 
I have seen but 10 fragments of deers’ jaws, and about 40 of 
hyenas’ (see Pl. XV. fig. 2, 3), and. as many of rats. The ordi- 
nary fate of the jaw bones, as of all the rest, appears to have 
been to be broken to pieces. ' 
