1822.] Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale,in Yorkshire. 187 
ing ever been closed, and which at this moment would probably 
have been tenanted by wild beasts, had not the progress of 
human population extirpated them from that part of Germany. 
For a description of the cavern at Gailenreuth (which I visited 
in 1816), I must refer to the work of Rosenmuller, published-at 
Weimarin 1804, in folio, with engravings of nearly all the bones 
composing the skeleton of the extinct bear, the size of which 
approached nearly to that of a horse; and for a description of 
the caves at Blankenburg, to an account by Esper and Leibnitz, 
published at Brunswick. 
M. Rosenmuller says, he has never seen the remains of the 
elephant and rhinoceros in the same cavern with those of bears; 
and that he has found the bones of wolves, foxes, horses, mules, 
oxen, sheep, stags, roebucks, badgers, dogs, and men; * and 
that the number of all these is in no proportion to that of the 
bears. ‘The bones of all kinds occur in scattered fragments.. 
One entire skeleton only of the Ursus speleus is said to have 
been found by Bruckmann, in a cave in the Carpathians, and to 
have been sent to Dresden. He adds that the different state of 
these bones shows that they were introduced at different periods, 
and that those ofall the animals last enumerated, including man, 
are in much higher preservation than those of the bears and 
hyeenas. 
Thus it appears that the bones which are in most perfect pre- 
servation, and belong to existing species, have been introduced 
during the post-diluvian period; while the extinct bears and 
hyena are referable to the antediluvian state of the earth. In 
corroboration of this, | found in 1820, in the collection of the 
Monastery of Kremsminster, near Steyer, in Upper Austria, skulls 
and bones of the Ursus spelus in consolidated beds of diluvial 
gravel, forming a pudding-stone, and dug for building near the 
monastery ; from which it appears that this species of bear lived 
in the period immediately preceding the formation of that dilu- 
vium ; and the same thing has been already shown of the extinet 
hyena in the gravel of France and Germany. 
M. Rosenmuller states that in all the caverns he has‘examined, 
the bones are disposed nearly after the same manner; sometimes 
scattered separately, and sometimes accumulated in beds and 
heaps of many feet in thickness; they are found every where 
from the entrance to the deepest and most secret recesses,; 
never in entire skeletons, but single bones mixed confusedly 
from all parts of the body, and animals of all ages. The skulls 
are generally in the lowest part of the beds of bone, having from 
their form and weight sunk or rolled downwards, as the longer 
and lighter bones were moved and disturbed continually by the 
living animals passing over them; the lower jaws are rarely 
found in contact with, or near to the upper ones, as would follow 
 M. Esper bas found in one of the caverns containing bears’ ‘bones, fragments of 
arns, which from their form: were probably made at least 800 years ago. 
