THE FUR-SEAL ISLANDS OF ALASKA. 



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The uppermost even plateau is covered by a luxuriant close grass-carpet, over which a few stalks of the two 

 above-named umbellates raise themselves here and there. 



Vegetation on this little islet combines an unusual poverty of various species with a high degree of luxuriance. 



Of higher order of animals we saw only four species of birds, namely, Fratereula eirrhata, Uria grylle, one species 

 of Phalacrocorax (Swedish skafvar), and one kind of the gull (Larus) species, which live here by the millions. They 

 occupied the upper plateau, where they had everywhere dug out short, deep, and unusually broad passages, with two 

 openings, in which they slept. From there they flew, on our arrival, in large flocks to and from the sea. Their 

 numbers were almost comparable with the auks on the Arctic bird cliffs. The other ducks nestled along the shore 

 cliffs. 



The number of the non-vertebrate land-animals foots up perhaps to thirty species. The most numerous are 

 Maehelis, Vitrina, Lithobias, Talitrus, a few two-winged beetles (bugs). They all lived on the inner belt of the 

 shore, where the ground is unusually damp. 



Much milder cllmate than that of the Pkibtlov group. — Bering island could, without difficulty, 

 feed large herds of cattle, perhaps as numerous as the herds of sea-cows which formerly grazed along its shores. 

 The sea-cow had, as it were, chosen its grazing place with discrimination, because the sea about here, according to 

 Dr. Kjelman, is one of the richest kelp-places in the world. The bottom of the sea is covered, in favorable places, 

 with kelp forests, from GO to 100 feet high, which are so dense that the scraper with difficulty penetrates down in 

 them, a circumstance which made the dredging exceedingly difficult. Certain kind of kelp is used by the inhabitants 

 for food. 



Salmon on the island. — That spit, where the sea-bears have their rookeries, is about 20 kilometers distant 

 from the village. We went there each on his sleigh drawn by about ten dogs. During this trip, at a resting-place 

 half-way between the village and the rookeries, we had occasion to take part in a very peculiar fishing. Our halting- 

 place was on an even grass meadow, cut through In innumerable brooks. Those were full of various kinds of fishes, 

 among them a kind of siik (gwiniad, Swedish), a small trout (forell), a medium-sized salmon, with almost white meat, 

 but with purple-red skin, and another of about the same length, but very broad and with a hump on the back. 

 These were easily taken. They were taken by hand, harpooned with an ordinary blunt stick or any piece of wood, 

 cut with knives, or taken with a bug-scoop. Other kinds of salmon, with very highly colored red flesh, are 

 found in the larger streams on the island. We received here, for a mere nothing, a welcome change from the 

 preserved food with which we had long ago become thoroughly disgusted. 



Courtesy of the Alaska Commercial Company. — Beside that, the expedition received, as a gift from the 

 Alaska Company, fat and splendid beeves, milk, and other refreshments, and I cannot sufficiently praise the 

 good-will we experienced, as well from the Russian official, Mr. Greboritsky, an energetic and skillful student of 

 natural history, as from the employes of the Alaska Company, and all other persons living on the island with whom 

 we came in contact. [Translation closes.] 



Table submitted by the author, showing the "catch" on the Commander islands. — In order 

 to show the relative importance of the seal business on these Russian islands as compared with that of our own, I 

 append the following exhibit of what has been done there since 1862. Professor Nordenskiuld does not seem to 

 have gathered the information; he has, however, in his forthcoming Vegds-farden, embodied my figures: 



Bering's disaster. — The miserable ending to Bering's voyage of discovery in 1741-'42 had one redeeming 

 clause— the shipwreck of the commander's vessel gave Steller his opportunity of making the fur-seal rookeries 

 known to man for the first time, in either history or legend. As the prime factor of this entertaining addition to 

 our knowledge, I think a short recital of the misfortunes of the Russian expedition interesting in the relation which 

 it bears to the subject of my discussion. 



Homeward voyage and shipwreck. — In 1741, June 4, Bering and Tschericov set sail from Petropavlovsky, 

 in two small vessels, the "St. Peter'" and the "St, Paul": they proceeded as low as the 50° latitude, then decided to 

 steer eastward for the reported American continent. On the 20th the rude ships were separated by a storm, and the 

 two commanders never met in life again. Sunday, 18th July, Bering, while waiting for the other vessel, drifted on 

 our northwest coast. He passed some six weeks in the new waters of his discovery, when by the 3d of September 

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