238 MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 



no want of water, it shows a want of oarbonaceous matter, or a general deficiency 

 of nutriment. If plants and trees grow very luxuriantly in branches, forming 

 large leaves, and producing little fruit, it shows that there is a luxuriant supply of 

 hydro-carbonate, or an excess of carbonaceous matter, lying at a great depth Jrom 

 the surface, and a want of oxygen ; when the leaves and branches are deformed 

 and distorted by blisters and blotches, and by irregular contractions and contor- 

 tions of the stalks, fibres, veins, or ribs of the leaves, or when tumours break out 

 on the leaves and shoots, it shows that an excess of putrescent cai'bonaceous matter 

 containing nitrogen surrounds the roots. Hayward on Horticulture. 



The Qualifications requisite for a Complete Gardener in the 

 year 1720. — A great many gentlemen who are lovers of gardening, have often 

 the misfortune to meet with such gardeners, who being wholly ignorant of the foun- 

 dation of the art, and having only a confused knowledge of the manner of dres- 

 sing and improving a garden, do often destroy or injure it. Those authors who 

 have treated of the qualifications necessary to a complete gardener, have enumer- 

 ated those that follow: — 1. That there being a great deal of difficulty in the art, 

 the g ardener ought to be such an one as has a natural bent of genius to the 

 study. 2. That such a person ought to be instructed in the latin tongue, writing, 

 arithmetic, the mathematics and designing, that he may be able to read authors 

 treating of the art, understand proportions, draw plans, designs of gardens, com- 

 partments, parterres, &c. 3. He should be acquainted with the terms and rules 

 of botany, so as to be able to distinguish every sort by its proper name, and to 

 class and assort plants to their respective tribes or families. 4. He ought to be 

 well grounded in the philosophical principles of his art, and to be a good naturalist, 

 that he may reason pertinently of the difference and goodness of soils, &c. 5. He 

 ought to observe the different degrees of heat necessary to promote the growth of 

 plants that come from different climates ; to study the nature and temperature of 

 all plants, to know which of them require a hot, dry, or fat soil. 6. He ought to 

 know thoroughly how to order a flower garden, a kitchen garden, and an orchard ; 

 and what he ought to plant in the one, and what in the other. 7. He ought to 

 make a collection of the several sorts of fruit, and keep memorandums of their 

 respective characteristics, and take particular notice of the different times of their 

 ripening. 8. He ought to converse with those persons who are ingenious in hus- 

 bandry and gardening, and to observe their different ways of practice. 9. When 

 a man has arrived at the forementioned qualifications, it will be much for his im- 

 provement to travel to Holland and Flanders, which will furnish him with general 

 ideas, which may very much contribute to his improvement. In Holland he may 

 see that the study of gardening is not unworthy the wisest or greatest men in the 

 country ; and if he be well accomplished in the art, will be treated by them with 

 extraordinary respect. In Flanders, though then- gardens differ from those in 

 Holland, being more after the English mode, yet being the best passage to Fiance, 

 his mind will be better prepared to pass a judgment of the French gardens ; the 

 excellency of which consists chiefly in the management of fruit-trees, except Ver- 

 sailles, which Mr. Bradley says, is the sum of every thing that has been done in 

 gardening ; that Trianon and Marli are partly of the same taste, and a sight of 

 them will furnish a man with fine ideas. Dr. Agricola says, it is impossible that 

 any description should clearly represent to us all that is remarkable in fine and 

 noble gardens ; that when he reflects on Versailles only, and what he has seen 

 there, he cannot but think that he had a foretaste of paradise, all his senses being 

 struck with astonishment ; and though he has the whole represented in fine prints, 

 yet it was only a shadow of what was so naturally figured there : and therefore he 

 thinks it absolutely necessary, that gardeners should travel into foreign countries. 



The Original Charter of the Gardener's Company. — This charter 

 was granted to the gardeners in the third year of the reign of King James the First, 

 when the buildings in and near the city of London, were not half so many as now 

 they are : and there were many spaces vacant of buildings between the houses in 

 London and Westminster, which are now built upon. Mr. Stow says, that in for- 

 mer times there was not a continued street of buildings between the cities of Lon- 

 don and Westminster, as now there is, but much vacant space of fields and open 

 grounds between, and so as not being paved the way was often bad to pass, and 

 was not paved any farther than from Temple-Bar to the Savoy, till the reign of 



