ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 621 



study of spermatogenesis and the germination of carpospores and tetra- 

 spores. The material was left in the fixative for 5-40 minutes, and then 

 washed in sea-water, after which it was passed through up-graded 

 alcohols to 52° m.p. paraffin. The sections were stained with safranin- 

 gentian-violet or with iron-haematoxylin, and these were sometimes 

 followed by orange G, Bordeaux red, or Congo red. 



Studying the Nutritive Relations of the Surrounding Tissues 

 to the Archegonia in Gymnosperms.* — M. C. Stopes and K. Fujii 

 found that the best fixative was 90 p.c. alcohol, and that Flemming's 

 fluid was less satisfactory owing to the presence of some substance which 

 reduced the osmium. 



Sections were stained with Flemming's triple stain, acetic-methyl- 

 green, Congo red, and various iodine solutions. 



Studying the Larvae of Bryozoa.f — 0. Seeliger preserved the 

 larvae and embryos in sublimate, sublimate-acetic-acid, formalin, and 

 osmic acid. Pedicellina larvae treated with sublimate or formalin made 

 excellent preparations after staining and clearing up in oil and balsam 

 or in glycerin. Alcyonidium larvae never cleared up sufficiently. Most 

 of the staining was done with carmin and hgeniatoxylin, but orange was 

 used as an after-stain for yolk-masses. Larvae which had been fixed in 

 formalin were stained with molybdic-acid-haematoxylin or with phospho- 

 molybdic-acid-haamatoxylin. The shape of the individual elements of a 

 section was more clearly brought out by tapping on the cover-glass so as 

 to dissociate the cells, though this procedure was only partially successful. 



Studying the Germ-Cells of Enteroxenos bstergreni.J — Kristine 

 Bonnevie at first fixed this Holothurian parasite in sublimate-acetic-acid, 

 picric-acid-sublimate, or in picro-acetic-acid, but found that Zenker's, 

 Hermann's, and Flemming's fluids were more satisfactory. For the 

 ovary Zenker's fluid gave the best results, while Hermann's was superior 

 for the testicles, but was allowed to act for only 4 hours. The principal 

 stain used was Heidenhain's iron-aluin-haematoxylin, though special 

 methods were adopted for nucleoli and mitochondria. 



Demonstrating Spirochseta pallida in Bone.§ — E. Bertarelli 

 describes three cases of syphilitic osteochondritis in various aged f oetuses. 

 The tissues were fixed in formalin or alcohol and imbedded in celloiclin 

 — the bones being decalcified in 1 • 5 p.c. nitric acid — and were impreg- 

 nated by an acid alcoholic solution of silver nitrate. In one case, in sections 

 of the femur of a seven-months foetus, many spirochaetes were observed 

 in the periosteum and in the layer of spreading ossification, but were 

 not regularly distributed ; endocellular forms were not seen, all the 

 spirochaetes lying between the connective-tissue bundles ; some were 

 very long, some with pointed ends, others showed a distinct bead at one 

 or both ends. 



In another case, from the femur of an eight-months foetus, though 



* Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xx. (1906) p. 1-24 (1 pi.). 

 f Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., lxxxiv. (1906) pp. 1-78 (4 pis.). 

 \ Jena Zeitschr. Naturw.,xli. (1906) pp. 229-420 (8 pis.). 

 § Centralbl. Bakt., lte Abt. Orig., xli. (1906) p. 639. 



