192 Scientific Intelligence. 
Rapp has, however, found it in three calculi, two of which had a 
crust of oxalate of lime, and the third, a crust of ammoniaco-mag- 
nesian phosphate. It is best recognised by means of a solution of 
caustic potash, in which these calculi completely dissolve, disen- 
gaging ammoniacal gas; but it is necessary to be certain that they 
do not contain ammoniaco-magnesian. phosphate. Silica has not 
been found in any of the calculi examined by M. Rapp. Calculi of 
oxalate of lime are the most common in the kingdom of Wirtemburg ; 
in England, on the contrary, they are rare; in the former there were 
56 out of 81, while at Norwich, there were only 59 out of 181; 
in the Hunterian Museum, 6 out of 150; 28 out of 87 at, Guy’s 
Hospital ; 11 out of 187 at Manchester, and 65 out of 208 in the 
collection of Bristol.—Idem. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
1. Religious toleration in Russia.—Independently of the people 
who profess the orthodox religion of Russia, there are in the country 
Roman Catholics, Unitarians, Lutherans, Calvinists, Arminians, 
Mennonists, Mahometans, Jews, Worshippers of the Grand. Lama, 
and Idolaters. The number of Roman Catholics may be estimated 
at seven millions, and of other Christians, rather more than two mil- 
lions and a half. The Mahometans of Kasan, Astrakhan, Siberia, 
Orenburgh, the Crimea, Caucasus, Lithuania, and other places, 
have mosques in the places where they have fixed their abode. 
Their number amounts to more than three millions. Synagogues 
have long existed in the cantons and cities inhabited by Jews, the to- 
tal of whom is about five hundred thousand. With respect. to Pa- 
anism, we must add-to the gross idolaters who wander in the de- 
serts of Siberia and in the Steppes of Kirguis-Kaissaks, the worship- 
pers of the Grand Lama, and those of the Fetishes and Schahmans- 
We should not omit, either the heretics and schismatics of the differ- 
ent sects, whose religion seems limited to vain prejudices and supet- 
Stitious practices. In the midst of such a variety of worship, reli- 
gious toleration has always been maintained in Russia. During the 
ten centuries of the existence of the empire, its history does not pro- 
duce a single example of persecution by the Russian government 
against a foreign religion, and the bloody name of religious wars 's 
not found in its annals. It would seem that in its ancient attachment 
eS 5 of the eastern church, it has learned the moderation 
Which characterized true Christians in the origin of Christianity.— 
Ferrusac’s Bulletin, Nov. 1828. ees : 
