of the United States- So 



lorm, reaching beyond the wings nearly three inches ; osseous 

 carina large : length eleven and a half inches. 



Female similar to the male, but less brilliant : length 

 eleven inches. 



Purple Grakle, Gracula quiscala, Wils. Am. Orn. in. 

 p. 44. pi. 21. fig. 4. male and Common Crow-Blackbird, 

 Quiscalus versicolor, nob. Am. Orn. vol. i. p. 42. pi. 5. fig- i. 

 female. 



Inhabits throughout the United States ; wintering in the 

 south : common. 



57. Quiscalus ferrugineus, nob. Glossy-black, more or less 

 skirted with ferruginous ; tail nearly even : length nine inches. 



Female nearly equal to the male ; head, neck and breast, 

 ferruginous-brown ; belly and rump ash. 



Rusty Grakle, Gracula ferruginea, Wils. Am. Orn. vol. Hi* 

 p. 41. pi. 21. fig. 3. male in spring. 



Inhabits throughout the United States, winters in the 

 south : extends its migrations as far north even as to the 

 Arctic circle: rather less common than the preceding. (9.) 



II. CORVUS. 



Corvas, L. Gm. Lath. Cuv. III. Temm. Ranz. 



Corvus, Pica, Garrulus, Briss. Vieill. 



Bill covered at base with setaceous incumbent porreet 

 feathers, straight, convex, cultrate-compressed; upper mandible 

 curved at tip ; lower somewhat shorter, carinated on the sides, 

 little ascending at tip : nostrils basal, patulous, covered by 

 the incumbent feathers : tongue short, cartilaginous, acute 

 and bifid at tip. Tarsus hardly longer than the middle toe ; 

 toes separated almost to the base, middle one longest, inner 

 shorter than the outer, and subequal in length to the hind toe : 

 nails moderate, acute, beneath canaliculate, and sharp edged ; 

 hind one generally longer. Wings subelongated, acute ; 

 first primary short ; third or fourth longest. Tail of twelve 

 feathers. 



