of the United States. 105 



lGo. Tanagra rubra, L. Red; wings and emarginate tail 

 black ; base of the plumage ash, then white. 



Female, young and autumnal male, green ; beneath yel- 

 low; wings and tail blackish. 



Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 

 42.pl. M.jig. 3. male, jig. a. female. 



Inhabits, during summer, all North America, where it 

 breeds ; winters in tropical America. 



161. Tanagra .estiva, Gm. Red; inner vanes and tips of 

 the quill feathers dusky ; tail even. 



Female, young, and autumnal male, yellow-olive. 



Summer Red-bird, Tanagra cestiva, Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 

 95.pl. 6. fig. 3. male, jig. 4. female. 



Inhabits the southern and middle states during summer ; 

 rare in the latter ; common in the southern and south-western, 

 Mexico, he. 



162. Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Greenish-yellow ; anterior 

 part of the head light scarlet ; back, wings, and tail, black ; 

 wings bifasciate with yellow. 



Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Am. Orn. 

 Hi, p> 27. pi. w.fig. 1. 



Inhabits territories beyond the Mississippi, in the exten- 

 sive plains of Missouri, between the Osage and Mandan 

 nations. 



34. FRINGILLA. 



Fringilla, Loxia, Emberiza, L. Gm. Lath. Fringilla. III. 

 Cuv. Temm. Ranz. Carduelis, Passer, Coccoihraustes, Hor- 

 tulanus, Briss. Coccothraustes, Fringilla, Linaria, Passe- 

 rina, Arremon, Pipilo, Vieill. 



Bill short, robust, conic on all sides, usually entire ; up- 

 per mandible wider than the lower, somewhat turgid, a lit- 

 tle inclined at tip ; edges of the lower angular towards the 

 base : nostrils basal, rounded, open, covered by the frontlet 



