bee 
262 McAtes, In Memoriam F. E. L. Beal. 
Birds affect orchards directly by stealing fruit, feeding upon buds, 
flowers, or the inner bark and sap of the trees, and indirectly by destroying 
mammals and insects injurious to orchards. This article gives brief 
accounts of the birds most important in these relations. 
Remarks on Economic Value of Nighthawks. Educational Leaflet No. 
1, Nat. Comm. Audubon Soc., Jan. 1, 1903, pp. [2-4]. 
The Relation of Birds to Fruit Growing in California. Yearbook U. 8. 
Dept. of Agriculture 1904, pp. 241-254. 
Most of this article is devoted to the discussion of the species injurious 
to fruit, but some of the chief enemies of fruit pests are briefly mentioned. 
Birds as Conservators of the Forest. Rep. New York Fish and Game 
Commission 1902-3 (Nov., 1906), pp. 236-274, 2 figs., 14 colored plates. 
A fresh and important discussion of the birds that have especial 
relation to forests. 
Birds of California in Relation to the Fruit Industry. Part I. Biological 
Survey Bulletin 30, 100 pp. 5 pls. (1 colored), Nov. 11, 1907. 
The food habits of 35 species are fully discussed, including the most 
important species from the tanagers to the thrushes, in systematic order, 
together with the linnet, or house finch, the worst fruit pest among the 
birds in the State. The account of this species is based upon the exam- 
ination of 1,206 stomachs. 
The Relations Between Birds and Insects. Yearbook U. 8S. Dept. of 
Agriculture, 1908, pp. 343-350. 
The principal points made in this paper are that birds are a very 
important check upon insects and that their true function is not so much 
to destroy this or that insect pest as it is to lessen the numbers of the 
insect tribe as a whole. 
Birds of California in Relation to the Fruit Industry. Part II. Bio- 
logical Survey Bulletin 34, 96 pp. 6 colored pls. Aug. 8, 1910. 
A continuation of Bulletin 30, dealing with 32 species of birds, in the 
families Tetraonidae to Fringillide inclusive. The conclusion is stated that 
only four species of birds common in California, can be regarded of doubtful 
utility. These are the house finch, California jay, Steller jay and red- 
breasted sapsucker. 
Food of the Woodpeckers of the United States. Biological Survey 
Bulletin 37, 64 pp. 6 pls. (5 colored), 3 figs. May 24, 1911. 
The accumulation of woodpecker stomachs in the 16 years since the 
publication of Bulletin 7 enabled Professor Beal to present in Bulletin 37 
formal reports on the food habits of 16 species, 9 more than were treated 
in the preliminary report. Brief notes upon the food of 6 other species 
also are included; the food of 11 species of woodpeckers which were not 
even mentioned in Bulletin 7 is discussed. 
Our Meadowlarks in Relation to Agriculture. Yearbook U. 8. Dept. 
of Agriculture, 1912, pp. 321-324. 
In this treatise the two North American species of meadowlarks are 
considered together, as their habits and food are practically identical. In 
es 
