ae | OBERHOLSER, Races of Bombycilla garrula. BOL 
Bombycilla garrula garrula (Linnzeus). 
[Lanius| garrulus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, p. 95 (Europe 
and North America). 
Corvus lientericus Tremminck, Cat. Systématique Cabinet d’Ornith., 
1807, p. 43 (nom. nov. pro Ampelis garrulus Gmelin). 
Bombyciphora poliocelia Mryrr, Vogel Liv.- u. Esthlands, 1815, p. 104 
(nom. nov. pro Lanius garrulus Linnzus). 
Bombycilla Bohemica Lnacu, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 6 (nom. 
nov. pro Lanius garrulus Linnzus). 
Garrulus europeus Dumont, Dict. Sciences Nat., XXIV, 1822, pp. 184, 
185 (nom. nov. pro Ampelis garrulus Linneus). 
Garrulus major Dumont, Dict. Sciences Nat., XXIV, 1822, pp. 184, 185 
(nom. nov. pro Ampelis garrulus Linneus). 
Parus Bombycilla Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., I, 1826, p. 548 (nom. 
nov. pro Lanius garrulus Linneeus). 
Bomblycilla|. brachyrhynchos Breum, Vogelfang, 1855, p. 79 (middle 
Europe). 
Bombycilla cerulea Dupois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., XII, 1860, p. 2 
(lapsus calami pro Bombycilla garrula). 
Bombycilla garrula vulgaris HaRTERT, Vogel paliiarkt. Fauna, 1, Heft IV, 
March, 1907, p. 456 (A. E. Brehm MS.) (nom. nov. pro Lanius garrulus 
Linnzus) (in synonymy). 
Chars. subsp.— Colors darkest and most vinaceous. 
Measurements.— Male:! Wing, 114 mm.; tail, 62; exposed culmen, 
10.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe without claw, 16. 
Both sexes:2 Wing, 110-120; tail, 62-70; exposed culmen, 11-12; 
tarsus, 20—21.5. 
Type locality Sweden (designated by Hartert).* 
Geographic distribution.— Europe: Breeds north to northern Russia and 
northern Norway, and south to about 65° north latitude; winters north 
to southern Norway; west to Ireland; and south to England, southern 
France, northern Italy, and Turkey. 
Remarks.— This is the darkest form of the species, and in colora- 
tion is decidedly vinaceous above. So far as we are able to deter- 
mine, it is confined to Europe. In the present connection specimens 
have been examined from Russia, Norway, Prussia, and Denmark. 
1 One male from Norway. Most of the European birds examined in the present connec- 
tion are without indication of sex, and therefore have not been used in the above-given 
measurements. 
2From Hartert. 
3 Vogel palaarkt. Fauna, I, Heft IV, March, 1907, p. 456. 
