CLASS II. BRACHIOPODA. FAMILY 1. TENDINOSA. 179 



Seba took it to be a pedunculate Lepas ; and although he figured it with the 

 pedicle, Linnaeus, upon the discovery of an odd valve exhibiting no trace of 

 any hinge ligament, described it as a Patella. Both Rumphius and Favanne 

 considered it to be the calcareous shield of a Lhnax or land slug. Chem- 

 nitz, upon finding that the shell of Lingula was really bivalve, placed it 

 with the Pinna ; and Dillwyn, in imitation of Solander, included it with 

 the Mytili. Bruguiere was the first to distinguish it by its present title 

 in the plates of the ' Encyclopedie Methodique,' in which he has been fol- 

 lowed by Lamarck, Cuvier, and succeeding writers. 



We place the Lingular at the commencement of the class, because they 

 have the nearest affinity with the Tropiopoda ; their body is proportionably 

 larger than that of the rest of the Brachiopoda ; and although the branchiae 

 are incorporated within the substance of the mantle, they nevertheless 

 present some indication of the lamellar structure of the preceding class. 

 Lamarck placed them at the end of his family of Les Brachiopodes, 

 because in referring the Crania to his fossil family of Les Rudistes, he 

 found it necessary to follow up their affinity with the Orbicula. 



The shell of Lingula may be described as being thin, either horny or 

 calcareous, and of a green or somewhat ruddy colour ; it is equivalve, 

 equilateral, and adheres to marine substances by a long pedicle ; it is 

 somewhat beaked at the apex, and generally open, and at the base it is 

 rather acute, sometimes gaping. There are two muscular impressions 

 approximating near the centre in each valve ; and the valves are de- 

 stitute of any hinge, being supported only by their separate muscular 

 adhesion. 



Mr. Cuming informs us, that he met with a considerable number of 

 Lingula anatince during his cruise amongst the Philippine Islands ; they 

 are often eaten by the natives, but he does not consider them a whole- 

 some article of food. He attributes the long scarcity of this animal to the 

 fact of their having escaped the notice of travellers from their peculiar 

 mode of habitation. They live buried in hard sand, and may only be 

 dug out at low water. 



2 a 2 



