S88 DISCOVERY REPORTS 



they duck the head under and flash away. They then usually come up, and lying first 

 on one side and then on the other they wash themselves with the uppermost flipper 

 and foot. 



On land they walk with the flippers held out behind and the head pushed forward. 

 If hurried they fall forward on to the breast and push themselves along with the feet, 

 aided by the flippers which give quick strokes on the ground at each side. When 

 preening themselves they stand upright, using the stiff tail feathers to help them keep 

 their balance. When resting they usually recline on their fronts with the feet tucked 

 up underneath and the head drawn in on to the shoulders. They usually sleep in this 

 position, but also do so standing up, with the head put round behind one of the flippers, 

 in the position of a bird sleeping with its head under its wing. This species has more 

 fear of man than others : if the rookery is visited most of the birds leave their nests 

 when the intruder comes near to them, but some of the birds will refuse to go and 

 peck and strike with the flippers. 



The adults moult after nesting, shedding the feathers in March. At the same time 



the feet become a light orange colour which changes to pink later on. The bill of the 



adult is red, black dorsally. There is a buff tip on the mandible, and behind it lies a 



black patch (Plate XLVII, fig. 12). The iris is brown and the pupil polygonal, and the 



feet are pink. 



Pygoscelis antarctica, Forst. 



Ringed Penguin 



This penguin occurs in small numbers at South Georgia, odd ones being seen from 



time to time. Several were observed at Grytviken during the course of the Discovery 



investigations; one was seen in 1926 among the Macaroni Penguins in their rookery 



near Fortuna Bay, and several were seen elsewhere. The German Expedition of 1882-3 



(Pagenstecher, 1885, p. 14) found a few pairs nesting in Royal Bay. The headquarters 



of this species is in the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands. 



Pygoscelis adeliae, Homb. 

 Adelie Penguin 

 This penguin, abundant in the South Orkney Islands, has only occurred as an 

 occasional straggler at South Georgia. 



Eudyptes chrysolophus, Brandt 



Macaroni Penguin 



(Plate LV, figs. 2, 3) 



The Macaroni Penguin, called locally "Rocky Penguin", is extremely abundant at 



South Georgia and in the waters round the island, though it rarely comes on land except 



at its rookeries. The rookeries as a rule are large, containing thousands of birds: they 



are situated on the tussac-covered slopes above the cliffs in exposed parts of the coast 



outside the bays. There are large rookeries on Willis and Bird Islands to the north, and 



on Cooper Island to the south, and at many places between on the mainland (Plate LV, 



