﻿MIND 
  OF 
  AN" 
  INSECT 
  SNODGEASS 
  389 
  

  

  gence, 
  but 
  developing 
  finally 
  in 
  man 
  into 
  all 
  the 
  psychical 
  qualities 
  

   we 
  attribute 
  to 
  the 
  mind. 
  

  

  All 
  our 
  activities 
  do 
  not 
  depend 
  on 
  mental 
  or 
  conscious 
  processes. 
  

   Our 
  bodily 
  functions 
  go 
  on 
  without 
  our 
  personal 
  attention, 
  many 
  of 
  

   them 
  without 
  our 
  being 
  actively 
  aware 
  of 
  them. 
  Again, 
  we 
  are 
  

   capable 
  of 
  doing 
  many 
  things 
  automatically 
  by 
  purely 
  reflex 
  actions 
  

   in 
  which 
  consciousness 
  takes 
  no 
  part 
  or 
  has 
  become 
  unnecessary. 
  But 
  

   all 
  nonconscious 
  activities 
  depend 
  on 
  direct 
  stimulation, 
  either 
  one 
  

   from 
  without 
  through 
  an 
  external 
  sense 
  organ, 
  or 
  one 
  from 
  within 
  

   through 
  an 
  internal 
  sense 
  organ. 
  Going 
  lower 
  than 
  ourselves 
  in 
  the 
  

   animal 
  scale, 
  we 
  find 
  that 
  the 
  nonconscious 
  or 
  reflex 
  activities 
  play 
  

   an 
  increasingly 
  greater 
  part 
  in 
  producing 
  the 
  actions 
  of 
  the 
  animal, 
  

   until, 
  in 
  the 
  invertebrates, 
  almost 
  all 
  the 
  animal's 
  doings 
  are 
  acts 
  

   of 
  the 
  kind 
  known 
  as 
  instinct, 
  over 
  which 
  the 
  creature 
  has 
  little 
  

   more 
  control 
  than 
  has 
  a 
  clock 
  over 
  the 
  motions 
  of 
  its 
  hands 
  or 
  its 
  

   striking 
  of 
  the 
  hours. 
  We 
  thus 
  distinguish 
  two 
  coexistent 
  modes 
  of 
  

   behavior 
  in 
  animals, 
  which, 
  though 
  essentially 
  different, 
  are 
  often 
  

   so 
  much 
  alike 
  in 
  their 
  external 
  manifestations 
  as 
  to 
  make 
  it 
  a 
  difficult 
  

   matter 
  to 
  decide 
  whether 
  an 
  observed 
  act 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  referred 
  to 
  one 
  or 
  

   to 
  the 
  other. 
  The 
  problem 
  comes 
  up 
  particularly 
  in 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  

   insects, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  social 
  insects, 
  whose 
  acts 
  in 
  many 
  ways 
  

   appear 
  to 
  be 
  so 
  exemplary 
  that 
  moralists 
  have 
  often 
  held 
  them 
  up 
  as 
  

   models 
  for 
  human 
  conduct. 
  Unfortunately, 
  for 
  the 
  moral 
  effect, 
  

   human 
  beings 
  could 
  not 
  behave 
  like 
  ants 
  or 
  bees, 
  because 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  

   insect's 
  activities 
  result 
  from 
  a 
  nervous 
  organization 
  that 
  works 
  by 
  

   a 
  mechanism 
  different 
  from 
  that 
  which 
  controls 
  the 
  characteristic 
  

   behavior 
  of 
  man. 
  The 
  particularly 
  human 
  style 
  of 
  conduct 
  is 
  rudi- 
  

   mentary 
  in 
  insects; 
  the 
  specifically 
  insectan 
  way 
  of 
  doing 
  things 
  

   was 
  discarded 
  long 
  ago 
  by 
  the 
  ancestors 
  of 
  the 
  human 
  race. 
  Before 
  

   proceeding 
  with 
  a 
  study 
  of 
  insect 
  behavior, 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  this 
  paper, 
  

   let 
  us 
  attempt 
  to 
  get 
  an 
  idea 
  of 
  the 
  probable 
  mechanism 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  

   modes 
  of 
  action 
  we 
  would 
  distinguish. 
  

  

  Protoplasm, 
  the 
  living 
  substance 
  of 
  plant 
  and 
  animal 
  cells, 
  in 
  its 
  

   most 
  elemental 
  state 
  possesses 
  two 
  important 
  known 
  properties. 
  One 
  

   property 
  is 
  sensitivity, 
  the 
  other 
  reversibility. 
  Sensitivity 
  is 
  just 
  a 
  

   name 
  for 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  living 
  matter, 
  under 
  proper 
  conditions, 
  under- 
  

   goes 
  some 
  kind 
  of 
  chemical 
  change 
  in 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  variations 
  in 
  

   the 
  environmental 
  influences. 
  For 
  example, 
  if 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  change 
  in 
  

   the 
  intensity 
  of 
  light 
  falling 
  upon 
  a 
  live 
  protoplasmic 
  substance, 
  

   or 
  an 
  alteration 
  in 
  the 
  chemical 
  composition, 
  the 
  density, 
  or 
  the 
  

   pressure 
  of 
  the 
  medium 
  surrounding 
  it, 
  the 
  protoplasmic 
  matter 
  

   undergoes 
  an 
  internal 
  chemical 
  change 
  in 
  response 
  to 
  the 
  external 
  

   change. 
  In 
  other 
  words, 
  the 
  intramolecular 
  forces 
  of 
  protoplasm 
  

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