﻿MIND 
  OF 
  AN 
  INSECT 
  — 
  SNODGRASS 
  

  

  397 
  

  

  animals 
  information 
  con- 
  

   cerning 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  

   environment. 
  It 
  is 
  an 
  in- 
  

   ternal 
  reflection 
  of 
  the 
  

   forms 
  of 
  energy 
  in 
  the 
  en- 
  

   vironment 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  

   differences 
  and 
  changes 
  in 
  

   external 
  things, 
  not 
  of 
  the 
  

   things 
  themselves. 
  Con- 
  

   sciousness 
  is 
  but 
  a 
  sign 
  

   indicative 
  of 
  external 
  con- 
  

   ditions; 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  present 
  

   actuality 
  any 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  

   traffic 
  signal 
  shows 
  a 
  line 
  

   of 
  passing 
  cars 
  or 
  an 
  open 
  

   road. 
  

  

  A 
  summary 
  of 
  the 
  fore- 
  

   going 
  discussions 
  and 
  the 
  

   writer's 
  deduction 
  of 
  a 
  

   working 
  hypothesis 
  are 
  as 
  

   follows: 
  The 
  fact 
  of 
  con- 
  

   sciousness 
  we 
  can 
  not 
  

   escape; 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  an 
  actual 
  

   determining 
  factor 
  in 
  hu- 
  

   man 
  action 
  seems 
  equally 
  

   certain; 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  useful 
  

   property 
  of 
  other 
  animals 
  

   is 
  then 
  but 
  a 
  logical 
  in- 
  

   ference. 
  The 
  idea 
  that 
  

   consciousness 
  is 
  a 
  special 
  

   endowment 
  of 
  cert 
  a: 
  n 
  ani- 
  

   mals 
  is 
  untenable. 
  We 
  can 
  

   only 
  conclude, 
  therefore, 
  

   that 
  consciousness 
  is 
  poten- 
  

   tial 
  at 
  least 
  in 
  all 
  living 
  

   matter, 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  

   feebly 
  developed 
  even 
  in 
  

   the 
  lowest 
  animals, 
  but 
  

   that 
  it 
  has 
  become 
  func- 
  

   tional 
  in 
  the 
  more 
  highly 
  

   organized 
  members 
  of 
  

   several 
  groups. 
  It 
  is 
  im- 
  

   possible 
  to 
  determine 
  by 
  ex- 
  

   perimental 
  methods 
  where 
  

   consciousness 
  is 
  active 
  and 
  

   where 
  it 
  is 
  not. 
  It 
  is 
  most 
  

  

  Gng^Vm- 
  

  

  FiG. 
  4. 
  — 
  The 
  nervous 
  system 
  of 
  a 
  grasshopper 
  

   (Ditsosteira 
  Carolina) 
  as 
  seen 
  from 
  above 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  head 
  are 
  the 
  brain 
  (Br), 
  lying 
  above 
  the 
  

   anterior 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  alimentary 
  canal, 
  or 
  stomo- 
  

   deum 
  (Stom), 
  and 
  the 
  subcEsophageal 
  ganglion 
  

   (SceOng) 
  lying 
  below 
  the 
  stomodeum. 
  The 
  brain 
  

   gives 
  off 
  nerves 
  to 
  the 
  simple 
  eyes, 
  or 
  ocelli 
  (O), 
  

   to 
  the 
  two 
  large 
  compound 
  eyes 
  (E) 
  on 
  the 
  sides 
  

   of 
  the 
  head, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  antennae 
  (Awt). 
  Beneath 
  

   the 
  brain 
  opens 
  the 
  anterior 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  

   blood 
  vessel 
  (Ao). 
  In 
  the 
  body 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  chain 
  

   of 
  ventral 
  ganglia 
  (Onol-OngVIII) 
  representing 
  

   the 
  first 
  eleven 
  segments, 
  but 
  the 
  large 
  ganglion 
  

   of 
  the 
  third 
  segment 
  is 
  compounded 
  of 
  the 
  ganglia 
  

   belonging 
  to 
  the 
  third, 
  fourth, 
  fifth, 
  and 
  sixth 
  seg- 
  

   ments 
  (Ong3+I 
  + 
  II-\-III), 
  and 
  the 
  ganglion 
  of 
  

   the 
  fourth 
  abdominal 
  segment 
  (OnglV) 
  lies 
  \p 
  seg- 
  

   ment 
  //, 
  while 
  that 
  of 
  segment 
  V 
  (OngV) 
  is 
  in 
  

   segment 
  IV. 
  The 
  ganglia 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  segments 
  

   (IX 
  and 
  X) 
  are 
  probably 
  united 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   eighth 
  (GngVIII). 
  The 
  posterior 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  ali- 
  

   mentary 
  canal, 
  the 
  proctodeum 
  (Proc) 
  opens 
  at 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  beneath 
  a 
  small 
  plate 
  (Tel), 
  at 
  

   the 
  sides 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  cercl 
  (Oer). 
  

  

  