﻿MIND 
  OF 
  AN" 
  INSECT 
  SNODGEASS 
  407 
  

  

  observers 
  have 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  females 
  of 
  species 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  males 
  

   produce 
  sounds 
  show 
  an 
  evident 
  response 
  to 
  the 
  chirping 
  notes 
  of 
  the 
  

   males. 
  Regen, 
  experimenting 
  with 
  a 
  cricket, 
  Liogryllus 
  campest7is^ 
  

   found 
  that 
  the 
  females 
  ceased 
  to 
  respond 
  to 
  a 
  chirping 
  male 
  when 
  

   the 
  legs, 
  bearing 
  the 
  tympanal 
  organs, 
  were 
  removed. 
  Peter 
  has 
  

   recorded 
  evidence 
  of 
  the 
  perception 
  of 
  sound 
  by 
  a 
  female 
  moth, 
  

   EiuLrosa 
  ramosa. 
  The 
  males 
  of 
  this 
  species, 
  he 
  says, 
  make 
  a 
  crack- 
  

   ling 
  sound 
  as 
  they 
  fly, 
  and 
  when 
  one 
  comes 
  near 
  a 
  female 
  sitting 
  

   quietly 
  and 
  hidden 
  in 
  her 
  usual 
  manner, 
  the 
  female 
  bestirs 
  herself 
  

   with 
  a 
  trembling 
  and 
  fluttering 
  motion 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  male 
  continues 
  

   his 
  sound 
  making. 
  By 
  this 
  means 
  the 
  males 
  find 
  the 
  females 
  and 
  

   mating 
  takes 
  place; 
  after 
  mating 
  the 
  females 
  no 
  longer 
  respond 
  to 
  

   the 
  sounds 
  of 
  the 
  males. 
  Eggers 
  records 
  that 
  noctuid 
  moths, 
  par- 
  

   ticularly 
  Agrotis 
  pronuba^ 
  which 
  possess 
  tympanal 
  chordotonal 
  

   organs 
  on 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  thorax, 
  respond 
  to 
  loud 
  sounds, 
  especially 
  

   to 
  the 
  sharp 
  squeaking 
  noise 
  made 
  by 
  turning 
  a 
  glass 
  stopper 
  in 
  the 
  

   neck 
  of 
  a 
  bottle. 
  The 
  moths 
  react 
  to 
  the 
  sound 
  with 
  a 
  movement 
  of 
  

   fright, 
  starting 
  to 
  fly 
  or 
  to 
  run, 
  but 
  on 
  the 
  cessation 
  of 
  the 
  sound 
  they 
  

   fall 
  back 
  into 
  the 
  position 
  of 
  repose. 
  Destroying 
  one 
  tympanum 
  and 
  

   its 
  chordotonal 
  organ, 
  Eggers 
  says, 
  has 
  no 
  effect 
  on 
  the 
  reaction, 
  but 
  

   if 
  the 
  organs 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  are 
  destroyed, 
  the 
  moths 
  no 
  

   longer 
  react 
  to 
  sounds. 
  

  

  Some 
  species 
  of 
  caterpillars 
  haA^e 
  frequently 
  been 
  observed 
  by 
  

   entomologists 
  to 
  be 
  affected 
  by 
  sounds, 
  and 
  a 
  close 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  

   behavior 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillar 
  of 
  the 
  mourning-cloak 
  butterfly, 
  Vanessa 
  

   antioija^ 
  to 
  sound 
  has 
  been 
  made 
  by 
  Minnich. 
  When 
  normal 
  cater- 
  

   pillars 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  are 
  subjected 
  to 
  the 
  tones 
  of 
  musical 
  instru- 
  

   ments 
  and 
  tuning 
  forks, 
  and 
  to 
  sounds 
  produced 
  by 
  beating 
  a 
  pan, 
  

   Minnich 
  found, 
  they 
  react 
  invariably 
  by 
  throwing 
  the 
  anterior 
  third 
  

   of 
  the 
  body 
  upward 
  and 
  sideways, 
  and 
  even 
  a 
  headless 
  body 
  or 
  frag- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  a 
  body 
  will 
  exhibit 
  the 
  same 
  reflex. 
  The 
  sound 
  receptive 
  

   organs 
  of 
  these 
  caterpillars 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  smaller 
  hairs 
  of 
  the 
  

   body 
  surface, 
  for 
  when 
  the 
  insects 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  current 
  of 
  air, 
  

   or 
  when 
  the 
  hairs 
  were 
  wet 
  with 
  water, 
  covered 
  with 
  flour, 
  or 
  re- 
  

   moved, 
  the 
  sound 
  response 
  was 
  eliminated. 
  Minnich 
  obtained 
  reac- 
  

   tions 
  in 
  normal 
  larvse 
  to 
  the 
  tones 
  produced 
  by 
  tuning 
  forks 
  from 
  

   1024 
  v./s. 
  to 
  32 
  v./s. 
  f 
  requeue}', 
  which 
  is 
  about 
  from 
  C" 
  to 
  Cg. 
  

  

  It 
  appears 
  that 
  the 
  perception 
  of 
  sound 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  primary 
  sense 
  

   with 
  insects, 
  and 
  that 
  where 
  an 
  auditory 
  sense 
  occurs 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  secondary 
  

   function 
  of 
  organs 
  that 
  were 
  not 
  acquired 
  as 
  sound 
  receptors, 
  one 
  set 
  

   being 
  primarily 
  tactile 
  and 
  another 
  probably 
  general 
  vibration 
  re- 
  

   ceptors, 
  but 
  in 
  either 
  case 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  an 
  auditory 
  function 
  

   through 
  the 
  refinement 
  of 
  the 
  organ 
  is 
  a 
  logical 
  result 
  of 
  the 
  inter- 
  

   grading 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  stimuli. 
  Parker 
  traces 
  a 
  gradational 
  evolution 
  

   from 
  touch 
  to 
  hearing 
  in 
  vertebrates, 
  the 
  intermediate 
  sense 
  being 
  

  

  