﻿EVIDENCE 
  ON 
  MAN'S 
  EVOLUTION 
  HRDLi5kA 
  419 
  

  

  But 
  a 
  little 
  less 
  known 
  is 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  the 
  camel, 
  and 
  much 
  has 
  

   been 
  learned 
  already 
  about 
  the 
  dinosaurs, 
  the 
  proboscidea 
  (elephants, 
  

   etc. 
  ) 
  , 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  carnivores, 
  and 
  still 
  other 
  forms 
  ; 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  much 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  similar 
  nature 
  on 
  the 
  invertebrates, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Am- 
  

   monites 
  and 
  Nautilus 
  among 
  the 
  Cephalopods; 
  the 
  Acatinelas 
  and 
  

   Partulas 
  among 
  the 
  Mollusks 
  ; 
  and 
  also 
  on 
  plants 
  (the 
  Dicotyledons, 
  

   the 
  Conifers, 
  etc.). 
  Evolution, 
  though 
  not 
  always 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  type 
  

   or 
  pace, 
  and 
  though 
  greatly 
  influenced 
  by 
  environment, 
  is 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  

   as 
  universal 
  a 
  process 
  in 
  living 
  beings 
  as 
  life 
  itself, 
  and 
  no 
  organism 
  

   has 
  ever 
  been 
  found 
  that 
  would 
  be 
  outside 
  of 
  its 
  workings. 
  

  

  THE 
  CHRONOLOGICAL 
  FACTOR 
  

  

  Man's 
  appearance 
  on 
  the 
  earth 
  at 
  the 
  right 
  time 
  of 
  organic 
  differ- 
  

   entiation 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  pieces 
  of 
  evidence 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  

   nature 
  of 
  his 
  origin. 
  Like 
  the 
  top 
  bough 
  of 
  a 
  tree, 
  he 
  appears 
  only 
  

   after 
  the 
  preceding 
  parts 
  or 
  forms 
  have 
  reached 
  the 
  proper 
  grade. 
  

  

  The 
  Tertiary 
  era, 
  the 
  era 
  essentially 
  of 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  mammals, 
  

   is 
  divided 
  by 
  geology 
  and 
  paleontology 
  into 
  four 
  periods, 
  each 
  of 
  

   several 
  millions 
  of 
  years' 
  duration, 
  namely, 
  the 
  Eocene, 
  Oligocene, 
  

   Miocene, 
  and 
  Pliocene, 
  The 
  oldest 
  of 
  these, 
  the 
  "Dawn" 
  period, 
  

   shows 
  only 
  the 
  most 
  primitive 
  of 
  primates, 
  approaching 
  lemurs 
  and 
  

   small 
  monkeys; 
  the 
  Oligocene, 
  and 
  especially 
  the 
  Miocene 
  rocks, 
  

   give 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  true 
  lemurs, 
  monkeys, 
  and 
  eventually 
  some 
  an- 
  

   thropoid 
  apes, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Dryopitheci 
  of 
  Europe 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Sivaliks, 
  

   or 
  foothills 
  of 
  the 
  Himalayas 
  ; 
  while 
  the 
  Pliocene 
  is 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  differ- 
  

   entiation 
  of 
  the 
  apes 
  and 
  anthropoids 
  toward 
  such 
  forms 
  as 
  we 
  know 
  

   to-day, 
  with 
  the 
  probable 
  appearance, 
  in 
  southern 
  Asia 
  and 
  also 
  in 
  

   western 
  Europe, 
  of 
  some 
  superior 
  creatures 
  that 
  can 
  only 
  be 
  called 
  

   human 
  precursors. 
  After 
  which 
  begins 
  the 
  era 
  known 
  as 
  Quater- 
  

   nary 
  or 
  ice 
  age, 
  which 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  repeated 
  coolings 
  and 
  con- 
  

   sequent 
  series 
  of 
  ice 
  extensions 
  over 
  large 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Northern 
  

   Hemisphere, 
  with 
  warm 
  periods 
  between 
  ; 
  and 
  about 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  

   this 
  age 
  there 
  are 
  found 
  to 
  exist 
  already 
  at 
  least 
  two 
  undoubted 
  

   human 
  precursors, 
  if 
  not 
  early 
  men, 
  namely, 
  the 
  " 
  Pithecanthropus 
  " 
  

   of 
  what 
  is 
  now 
  Java, 
  and 
  the 
  " 
  Eoanthropus," 
  or 
  Dawn 
  man, 
  of 
  what 
  

   is 
  now 
  southeastern 
  England. 
  Of 
  these 
  science 
  possesses 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  

   case 
  a 
  large 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  skull, 
  which 
  sK.voj^ 
  remarkable 
  near-human 
  

   brain, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  second 
  case 
  a 
  portion 
  o^r 
  a 
  highly 
  interesting 
  lower 
  

   jaw, 
  not 
  to 
  mention 
  other 
  parts 
  that 
  are 
  attributed 
  to 
  each 
  find. 
  

  

  At 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  something 
  wholly 
  new 
  begins 
  to 
  occur 
  on 
  

   this 
  earth. 
  In 
  one 
  (at 
  least) 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  areas 
  that 
  had 
  been 
  occu- 
  

   pied 
  by 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  anthropoid 
  apes 
  there 
  commence 
  to 
  appear 
  in 
  

   the 
  sands, 
  clays, 
  and 
  gravels 
  of 
  those 
  far-away 
  periods, 
  in 
  company 
  

   with 
  fossilized 
  remains 
  of 
  long-extinct 
  elephants, 
  rhinoceroses, 
  and 
  

  

  