﻿EVIDENCE 
  ON" 
  MAN'S 
  EVOLUTION 
  HRDLiCkA 
  421 
  

  

  PHYSICAL, 
  FUNCTIONAL, 
  AND 
  CHEMICAL 
  SIMILARITIES 
  

  

  The 
  fully 
  developed 
  human 
  body 
  on 
  being 
  studied 
  and 
  analyzed, 
  

   has 
  been 
  found, 
  organ 
  for 
  organ, 
  function 
  for 
  function, 
  and 
  chemical 
  

   constituent 
  for 
  chemical 
  constituent, 
  so 
  near 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  other 
  mammals 
  

   and 
  especially 
  the 
  anthropoid 
  apes, 
  that 
  the 
  fundamental 
  unity 
  of 
  all 
  

   seems 
  clearly 
  apparent. 
  Small 
  or 
  great, 
  simple 
  or 
  complex, 
  there 
  is 
  

   nothing 
  in 
  man 
  a 
  counterpart 
  of 
  which, 
  though 
  modified 
  more 
  or 
  

   less 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  needs 
  of 
  the 
  species, 
  is 
  not 
  found 
  also 
  in 
  other 
  

   mammals. 
  The 
  differences 
  are 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  only 
  in 
  secondary 
  charac- 
  

   ters, 
  such 
  as 
  size 
  or 
  exact 
  shape 
  of 
  the 
  parts, 
  acuity 
  or 
  duration 
  of 
  a 
  

   function, 
  a 
  little 
  plus 
  or 
  minus 
  chemically. 
  

  

  The 
  above 
  appears 
  true 
  even 
  to 
  the 
  brain,, 
  which 
  while 
  relatively 
  

   larger 
  and 
  more 
  complex 
  and, 
  in 
  some 
  directions, 
  immensely 
  more 
  

   efficient 
  in 
  man, 
  is 
  still 
  in 
  all 
  essentials, 
  even 
  to 
  the 
  kinds 
  and 
  

   arrangement 
  of 
  brain 
  cells 
  and 
  localization 
  of 
  nervous 
  centers, 
  much 
  

   like 
  the 
  brain 
  of 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  higher 
  anthropoid 
  apes 
  and 
  other 
  mam- 
  

   mals. 
  The 
  brain 
  subdivisions 
  into 
  cerebrum, 
  cerebellum, 
  medulla, 
  and 
  

   pons; 
  the 
  subdivision 
  of 
  the 
  brain 
  matter 
  into 
  the 
  gray 
  and 
  white 
  

   substance 
  ; 
  the 
  special 
  brain 
  " 
  nuclei 
  " 
  and 
  the 
  cavities 
  ; 
  and 
  even 
  

   the 
  principal 
  convolutions 
  and 
  furrows 
  of 
  the 
  cortex, 
  are 
  substantially 
  

   the 
  same 
  in 
  man 
  and 
  the 
  Primates, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  many 
  other 
  mammals. 
  

   The 
  most 
  striking, 
  however, 
  is 
  the 
  same 
  location 
  in 
  all 
  these 
  forms, 
  

   from 
  the 
  dog 
  and 
  the 
  ape 
  to 
  man, 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  important 
  functional 
  

   areas, 
  such 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  sight, 
  hearing, 
  association, 
  etc., 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  

   series 
  of 
  clusters 
  of 
  cortical 
  brain 
  cells 
  which 
  control 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  

   various 
  sets 
  of 
  muscles. 
  The 
  location 
  of 
  these 
  centers 
  has 
  been 
  learned 
  

   through 
  electrical 
  experiments 
  on 
  the 
  brains 
  of 
  the 
  dog, 
  the 
  chim- 
  

   l^anzee, 
  and 
  other 
  animals, 
  and 
  then 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  same 
  

   number, 
  order, 
  and 
  location 
  of 
  these 
  centers 
  is 
  present 
  in 
  man. 
  This 
  

   knowledge 
  is 
  constantly 
  being 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  in 
  diagnosing 
  the 
  location 
  

   of 
  lesions 
  or 
  tumors 
  in 
  the 
  human 
  brain 
  and 
  for 
  successful 
  surgical 
  

   operations 
  on 
  the 
  organ. 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  physiological 
  point 
  of 
  viev/, 
  man 
  appears 
  animal-like 
  

   in 
  the 
  entirety. 
  All 
  his 
  functions, 
  assimilation, 
  metabolism, 
  elimina- 
  

   tion 
  ; 
  the 
  circulation 
  and 
  oxidation 
  of 
  his 
  " 
  blood," 
  with 
  the 
  blood 
  

   composition 
  and 
  its 
  qualities; 
  the 
  senses; 
  the 
  sexual 
  functions; 
  the 
  

   great 
  function 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  life 
  cycle 
  itself 
  — 
  ail 
  appear 
  as 
  true 
  coun- 
  

   terparts 
  and 
  mere 
  variants 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  higher 
  

   animal 
  forms. 
  

  

  As 
  to 
  the 
  related 
  chemical 
  similarities 
  between 
  man 
  and 
  other 
  

   mammals, 
  these 
  are 
  so 
  generally 
  and 
  so 
  well 
  established 
  that 
  extracts 
  

   of 
  animal 
  blood 
  and 
  animal 
  glands, 
  which 
  mean 
  nothing 
  but 
  very 
  

   complex 
  chemical 
  compounds, 
  are 
  used 
  on 
  a 
  great 
  scale 
  for 
  protective 
  

   vaccination 
  of, 
  or 
  to 
  supply 
  defects 
  of 
  similar 
  substances 
  in 
  man. 
  

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