﻿ORIGINS 
  OF 
  CHINESE 
  CIVILIZATION 
  MASPERO 
  437 
  

  

  tants 
  of 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  Basin. 
  Only 
  the 
  arable 
  irrigated 
  plains 
  

   belonged 
  to 
  them, 
  while 
  all 
  the 
  uplands 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  hands 
  of 
  the 
  

   barbarians. 
  The 
  terraced 
  plateaux 
  of 
  Shansi 
  constituted 
  the 
  realm 
  

   of 
  the 
  Ti. 
  To 
  the 
  south, 
  the 
  six 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Red 
  Ti, 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  

   which 
  was 
  only 
  subdued 
  in 
  593 
  B. 
  C, 
  occupied 
  all 
  the 
  massif 
  domi- 
  

   nating 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  on 
  the 
  north, 
  from 
  its 
  eastAvard 
  bend, 
  where 
  

   it 
  leaves 
  Shensi, 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  upland 
  valleys 
  of 
  the 
  Ch'in 
  and 
  the 
  

   two 
  Chang. 
  The 
  Kao-lo, 
  the 
  southernmost 
  tribe, 
  inhabited 
  the 
  

   Chung-f^iao 
  Mountains, 
  above 
  the 
  present 
  subprefecture 
  of 
  Yuan- 
  

   ch'iu. 
  Farther 
  east, 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  Ch'in 
  and 
  the 
  Chang, 
  

   Avere 
  the 
  Lu-shih 
  and 
  the 
  Liu-yii, 
  whose 
  names 
  survive 
  in 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   modern 
  districts 
  of 
  Lu-an 
  and 
  Tun-liu. 
  To 
  the 
  north 
  lived 
  the 
  

   Chiang-kao-ju 
  and 
  the 
  To-ch^en, 
  the 
  exact 
  habitat 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  being 
  

   unknown. 
  Finally 
  the 
  Chia-shih, 
  the 
  most 
  eastern, 
  occupied 
  the 
  

   slopes 
  of 
  the 
  T^ai-heng 
  Mountains, 
  descending 
  even 
  to 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  

   the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  near 
  Ch'i-ch^o. 
  Still 
  farther 
  north, 
  in 
  the 
  Wu-t^ai 
  

   Range 
  dwelt 
  the 
  three 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  White 
  Ti 
  ; 
  the 
  Fei 
  and 
  the 
  Kou 
  

   were 
  to 
  the 
  east, 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Hsin-lo, 
  while 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  were 
  

   the 
  Hsien-yii 
  of 
  the 
  Chung 
  Shan, 
  who 
  succeeded 
  in 
  maintaining 
  

   their 
  independence 
  until 
  296 
  B. 
  C. 
  Finally 
  all 
  the 
  west 
  center 
  of 
  

   Shansi 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  was 
  peopled 
  by 
  the 
  Western 
  Ti, 
  

   who, 
  less 
  well 
  protected 
  by 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  their 
  country, 
  had 
  been 
  

   subdued 
  by 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  seventh 
  century. 
  These 
  people 
  were 
  

   in 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  nomads 
  of 
  the 
  north, 
  who 
  from 
  very 
  ancient 
  

   times 
  had 
  led 
  a 
  pastoral 
  life 
  on 
  the 
  steppes 
  of 
  the 
  Mongolian 
  

   Plateau. 
  These 
  were, 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  the 
  San 
  Hu 
  or 
  " 
  Three 
  Hu," 
  two 
  

   tribes 
  of 
  Huns, 
  the 
  Liu-fan 
  around 
  K^o-lan 
  and 
  the 
  Tai-lin 
  around 
  

   So-p^ing, 
  in 
  the 
  extreme 
  north 
  of 
  Shansi, 
  on 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  near 
  

   its 
  bend 
  toward 
  the 
  south, 
  about 
  where, 
  in 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  

   Christian 
  era, 
  the 
  Huns 
  held 
  their 
  great 
  politico-religious 
  autumn 
  

   assembly; 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  east, 
  near 
  the 
  sea, 
  certain 
  tribes 
  of 
  Manchus, 
  the 
  

   Eastern 
  Jung, 
  also 
  called 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Hu 
  or 
  the 
  Wu-chung; 
  and 
  

   still 
  farther 
  toward 
  the 
  northeast 
  a 
  people 
  called 
  the 
  Mo, 
  who 
  had 
  

   neither 
  towns, 
  palaces, 
  houses, 
  nor 
  ancestral 
  temples, 
  and 
  who 
  culti- 
  

   vated 
  millet 
  alone. 
  

  

  To 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  the 
  Jung 
  barbarians 
  

   occupied 
  all 
  the 
  uplands 
  surrounding 
  the 
  Valley 
  of 
  the 
  Wei. 
  In 
  the 
  

   mountains 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Ordos 
  Plateau, 
  and 
  west 
  to 
  the 
  

   sources 
  of 
  the 
  Wei, 
  the 
  Ching, 
  and 
  the 
  Lo, 
  were 
  the 
  ChHian 
  Jung, 
  

   the 
  Jung 
  of 
  Ti-huan, 
  the 
  Mien-chou, 
  the 
  Wu-shih, 
  and 
  the 
  Yi-ch'iu; 
  

   the 
  last 
  named 
  resisted 
  the 
  Chinese 
  for 
  centuries 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  lose 
  

   their 
  independence 
  until 
  315 
  B. 
  C. 
  Some 
  tribes 
  still 
  existed 
  out 
  

   in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  the 
  plain 
  and 
  even 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  Yellow 
  

   River, 
  forming 
  isolated 
  groups 
  among 
  the 
  Chinese. 
  Of 
  these 
  were 
  

  

  74906—28 
  29 
  

  

  