﻿ORIGINS 
  OF 
  CHINESE 
  CIVILIZATION 
  MASPEEO 
  447 
  

  

  who 
  retired 
  of 
  his 
  own 
  free 
  will 
  because 
  his 
  father 
  wished 
  to 
  deprive 
  

   him 
  of 
  the 
  succession 
  in 
  favor 
  of 
  a 
  younger 
  son, 
  has 
  no 
  historical 
  

   basis, 
  but 
  it 
  shows 
  clearly 
  enough 
  in 
  a 
  somewhat 
  too 
  concise 
  and 
  

   idealized 
  form 
  the 
  causes 
  of 
  these 
  emigrations. 
  

  

  The 
  t'ai-po 
  or 
  "Great 
  Count" 
  of 
  Wu 
  and 
  his 
  younger 
  brother 
  Chung-yuug 
  

   were 
  both 
  sons 
  of 
  the 
  t'ai-wang 
  or 
  " 
  Great 
  King 
  " 
  of 
  Chou 
  and 
  elder 
  brothers 
  of 
  

   Prince 
  Chi-li. 
  Since 
  the 
  latter 
  was 
  wise 
  and, 
  moreover, 
  had 
  a 
  holy 
  son, 
  Ch'aug, 
  

   the 
  " 
  Great 
  King 
  " 
  wished 
  to 
  give 
  the 
  power 
  to 
  him 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  it 
  might 
  pass 
  

   on 
  to 
  Ch'ang. 
  So 
  the 
  " 
  Great 
  Count 
  " 
  and 
  his 
  brother 
  Chung-yung 
  both 
  fled 
  to 
  

   the 
  barbarous 
  Man 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  of 
  Ching; 
  they 
  tattooed 
  their 
  bodies 
  and 
  cut 
  

   their 
  hair 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  relinquished 
  the 
  succession 
  and 
  had 
  retired 
  in 
  

   favor 
  of 
  Chi-li. 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  When 
  the 
  "Great 
  Count" 
  sought 
  refuge 
  among 
  the 
  

   Man 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  the 
  latter 
  found 
  him 
  just 
  ; 
  they 
  became 
  his 
  followers 
  and 
  placed 
  

   themselves 
  under 
  his 
  protection 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  over 
  a 
  thousand 
  families.^" 
  

  

  Flight 
  among 
  the 
  barbarians 
  became 
  the 
  traditional 
  resource 
  of 
  the 
  

   victims 
  of 
  harem 
  intrigues 
  ; 
  again 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  seventh 
  cen- 
  

   tury, 
  when 
  the 
  Prince 
  Hsien 
  of 
  Chin 
  sought 
  the 
  death 
  of 
  his 
  son 
  

   Ch^ung-erh 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  secure 
  the 
  succession 
  to 
  the 
  son 
  of 
  his 
  favorite 
  

   Li-chi, 
  Ch^ung-erh 
  fled 
  to 
  the 
  Ti 
  with 
  a 
  feAV 
  faithful 
  followers 
  and 
  

   was 
  well 
  received 
  by 
  a 
  barbarian 
  chief, 
  whose 
  daughter 
  he 
  married. 
  

  

  Colonization 
  was 
  impossible 
  toward 
  the 
  north, 
  where 
  the 
  desert 
  

   arrested 
  the 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  Chinese; 
  hence 
  it 
  could 
  only 
  proceed 
  

   toward 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  the 
  west. 
  We 
  do 
  not 
  know 
  its 
  history, 
  for 
  all 
  

   the 
  ancient 
  history 
  of 
  China 
  is 
  unknown; 
  it 
  is 
  possible, 
  however, 
  to 
  

   form 
  some 
  idea 
  of 
  the 
  stages 
  through 
  which 
  it 
  passed. 
  Those 
  who 
  

   proceeded 
  toward 
  the 
  south 
  founded 
  petty 
  lordships 
  in 
  the 
  Huai 
  

   Mountains, 
  among 
  them 
  those 
  of 
  Ch'en, 
  Shen, 
  Ch'ai, 
  Hsiu, 
  and 
  

   Huang. 
  Then 
  they 
  reached 
  the 
  plain 
  and 
  began 
  to 
  create 
  fine 
  

   domains 
  along 
  the 
  southern 
  foot 
  of 
  the 
  mountains, 
  at 
  Jo, 
  Li, 
  Sui, 
  

   Erh, 
  etc. 
  They 
  found 
  there, 
  however, 
  a 
  very 
  different 
  climate 
  from 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  one 
  which 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  suited 
  them 
  ill 
  and 
  to 
  

   have 
  attracted 
  few 
  emigrants. 
  Moreover, 
  the 
  barbarian 
  chiefs 
  of 
  the 
  

   region, 
  at 
  least 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  lowlands, 
  allowed 
  themselves 
  to 
  be 
  won 
  

   over 
  quickly 
  by 
  Chinese 
  culture; 
  one 
  of 
  them, 
  the 
  lord 
  of 
  Ch'u, 
  

   became 
  a 
  redoubtable 
  rival 
  wfien, 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  years 
  of 
  the 
  eighth 
  cen- 
  

   tury, 
  he 
  subjugated 
  the 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Han-yang 
  Basin. 
  It 
  was 
  

   toward 
  the 
  west 
  that 
  the 
  greatest 
  push 
  was 
  made. 
  It 
  did 
  not 
  make 
  

   a 
  frontal 
  attack 
  upon 
  the 
  difficult 
  mountains 
  which 
  rise 
  abruptly 
  

   from 
  the 
  plain 
  along 
  the 
  eastern 
  border 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  now 
  Shansi, 
  like 
  

   tlie 
  T'ai-heng 
  and 
  Wu-t'ai 
  Ranges 
  and 
  others, 
  which 
  remained 
  the 
  

   last 
  refuge 
  of 
  the 
  Ti 
  barbarians. 
  The 
  colonists 
  turned 
  the 
  obstacle 
  

   by 
  ascending 
  the 
  valleys 
  of 
  the 
  Yellow 
  River 
  and 
  its 
  affluents, 
  the 
  

   AVei 
  and 
  the 
  Fen. 
  Most 
  of 
  them 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  come 
  from 
  the 
  region 
  

   where 
  to-day 
  Shantung, 
  Kiangsu, 
  and 
  Kiangsi 
  adjoin, 
  a 
  region 
  where 
  

  

  2E 
  Sseu-ma 
  Ts'ien, 
  Shih 
  Chi, 
  ch. 
  31, 
  tsl. 
  Chavaunes, 
  Les 
  Mfiinoires 
  historiques 
  de 
  Sseu-ma 
  

   Ts'Ien, 
  Vol. 
  IV. 
  

  

  