﻿ARCHEOLOGY 
  IN 
  CHIFA 
  LIANG 
  -vi 
  461 
  

  

  the 
  workmanship 
  of 
  these 
  coins 
  we 
  can 
  realize 
  the 
  economic 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  time. 
  Again, 
  the 
  collectors 
  of 
  old 
  coins 
  are 
  also 
  inter- 
  

   ested 
  in 
  the 
  different 
  kinds 
  of 
  money 
  that 
  have 
  come 
  from 
  abroad 
  

   so 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  some 
  idea 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  commercial 
  relations 
  between 
  

   China 
  and 
  her 
  neighboring 
  countries. 
  

  

  Weights 
  and 
  iJieasures. 
  — 
  The 
  old 
  weights 
  and 
  measures 
  that 
  still 
  

   exist 
  to-day 
  comprise 
  Chuan 
  and 
  Liang 
  of 
  Chin, 
  Ch'ih 
  of 
  Han, 
  and 
  

   Hsin 
  Mang, 
  Ch'ih 
  of 
  Chin, 
  Liang 
  of 
  Han, 
  Chung 
  Fang 
  of 
  Ho 
  of 
  

   Han. 
  With 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  Chuan, 
  which 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  stone 
  as 
  well 
  

   as 
  of 
  metal, 
  the 
  rest 
  are 
  all 
  made 
  of 
  metals. 
  We 
  realize 
  now 
  that 
  iji 
  

   the 
  evolution 
  of 
  weights 
  and 
  measures 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  factor 
  is 
  

   the 
  ruler, 
  for 
  from 
  the 
  Han 
  ruler 
  and 
  the 
  ruler 
  that 
  was 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  

   Chin 
  dynasty 
  we 
  can 
  find 
  out 
  the 
  length 
  and 
  the 
  size, 
  etc., 
  of 
  the 
  rule 
  

   used 
  in 
  the 
  Chou 
  dynasty 
  and 
  we 
  can 
  get 
  some 
  basis 
  for 
  the 
  study 
  

   of 
  the 
  antique 
  objects 
  and 
  the 
  molds 
  used 
  in 
  ancient 
  times. 
  

  

  For 
  instance, 
  if 
  in 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  old 
  musical 
  instruments 
  we 
  get 
  the 
  

   ruler 
  used 
  in 
  Chin 
  and 
  also 
  the 
  musical 
  notes 
  for 
  the 
  flutes 
  of 
  Chin 
  

   dynasty, 
  we 
  can, 
  basing 
  on 
  the 
  ruler 
  and 
  the 
  musical 
  notes, 
  make 
  a 
  

   flute 
  for 
  the 
  Chin 
  dynasty 
  which 
  will 
  be 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  that 
  actually 
  

   used 
  by 
  the 
  people 
  at 
  that 
  time. 
  

  

  Old 
  seals. 
  — 
  Old 
  seals 
  are 
  of 
  two 
  kinds, 
  official 
  and 
  private 
  seals. 
  

   The 
  collection 
  of 
  seals 
  has 
  become 
  also 
  a 
  special 
  branch 
  of 
  study. 
  

   The 
  largest 
  collection 
  exceeds 
  10,000. 
  We 
  can 
  find 
  out 
  from 
  these 
  

   seals 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  official 
  titles 
  which 
  are 
  not 
  mentioned 
  in 
  history, 
  

   and 
  also 
  changes 
  in 
  geographical 
  names. 
  Besides, 
  as 
  carving 
  of 
  seals 
  

   is 
  still 
  considered 
  hj 
  the 
  Chinese 
  as 
  an 
  art, 
  the 
  discovery 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  

   seals 
  has 
  not 
  only 
  an 
  antiquarian 
  interest, 
  but 
  also 
  gives 
  an 
  added 
  

   impetus 
  to 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  this 
  craft 
  to-day. 
  

  

  Mim^ors. 
  — 
  Ancient 
  China 
  had 
  no 
  glass. 
  The 
  mirrors 
  used 
  at 
  that 
  

   time 
  were 
  all 
  made 
  of 
  bronze. 
  As 
  late 
  as 
  the 
  Tang 
  dynasty 
  and 
  the 
  

   dynasty 
  of 
  Sung, 
  bronze 
  mirrors 
  were 
  very 
  common. 
  After 
  the 
  

   Yuan 
  and 
  Ming 
  dynasties 
  bronze 
  mirrors 
  gradually 
  disappeared. 
  

  

  At 
  present 
  the 
  collectors 
  of 
  mirrors 
  can 
  show 
  us 
  different 
  kinds 
  of 
  

   bronze 
  mirrors, 
  but 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  statistics 
  makes 
  it 
  difficult 
  for 
  me 
  to 
  

   give 
  the 
  exact 
  numbers. 
  If 
  we 
  examine 
  the 
  bronze 
  mirrors, 
  we 
  find 
  

   that 
  the 
  ornamentation 
  consisting 
  of 
  animals, 
  plants, 
  or 
  conventional 
  

   designs 
  carved 
  on 
  them 
  is 
  different 
  one 
  dynasty 
  from 
  another, 
  reflect- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  changes 
  in 
  the 
  style 
  of 
  carving 
  and 
  also 
  enabling 
  us 
  to 
  see 
  the 
  

   circumstances 
  under 
  which 
  China 
  carried 
  on 
  intercourse 
  with 
  foreign 
  

   countries. 
  

  

  These 
  five 
  are 
  the 
  principal 
  types 
  of 
  bronze. 
  There 
  are 
  miscel- 
  

   laneous 
  articles, 
  such 
  as 
  tallies 
  used 
  in 
  war. 
  The 
  Ch'ing 
  dynasty 
  

   had 
  tiger 
  tally 
  and 
  the 
  Tang 
  and 
  Sung 
  dynasties 
  had 
  fish 
  tally. 
  

  

  