i68 DISCOVERY REPORTS 



There are good anchorages at the islands, second only to that in Ferguson Bay in 

 Thule Island. The best is to the east of Vindication Island, between Cook Rock and 

 Rocky Point in ii fathoms, where there is protection from the north-north-west to 

 south-west with good holding ground. There is also a good anchorage to the south of 

 Candlemas Island for winds from the north, and to the north-east of Vindication Island, 

 north of Cook Rock, for southerly winds. 



Candlemas Island 

 Lat. 57° ozh' S ; long. 26° 40I' W 



(Plates XVI and XVII, figs. 1-3; Plate XVIII, figs. 1,2; Figs. 10-12) 



This island is 3 miles long and 1-4 miles broad, with a circumference of about 7^ 

 miles: it lies with its long axis north-west and south-east. The southern end is buried 

 deep in glacier and bears three peaks, the highest of which is 2580 ft. above sea-level. 

 The northern part is a lava plateau, entirely free from snow, from which rises the cone 

 of a volcano (Plate XVII, fig. i ; Figs. 11 a, c). The northern and southern parts are con- 

 nected by a broad stretch of low-lying ground (Fig. 11 a). On the eastern side, 6 cables 

 from the coast, is Black Rock, 60 ft. high, while to the south-east and close inshore is 

 Boot Rock, which is 105 ft. high (Fig. 11 b). 



The plateau in the northern half of the island appears to be composed throughout of 

 rugged flows of black basaltic lava, often showing columnar structure (Plate XVII, fig. 3). 

 Almost everywhere this plateau is very rough, for though on approaching it closely 

 masses of clinker and cinders are seen on the surface, it is not overlaid with fine scoria 

 and ash as on Zavodovski. The north-western coast is bounded by basalt cliff's, 30 to 

 40 ft. high, much broken by wave action and with deep gullies and chasms. At one point 

 green staining was seen in the rock. In the vicinity of Vulcan Point are several small 

 bays ending in beaches of black sand and to the south there are two larger bays. Tow 

 Bay and Sea-serpent Cove (Fig. 11 a). Elsewhere, both east and west of the low ground 

 that intervenes between the northern and southern parts, and in the north on either side 

 of Spit Point, are long, straight, steeply shelving beaches of black sand and boulders. 

 On the western beach were many large masses of ice cast up by the sea. 



The main volcanic cone is on the western side of the plateau and rises to a height of 

 770 ft., the crater itself opening on the southern side of the summit. The cone was of a 

 dark brick-red colour, with splashes of sulphur, and clouds of steam and vapour were 

 issuing from the crater. Immediately to the west of the volcano, and rising to perhaps 

 half its height, are twin cones, also dark red in colour, but not showing any signs of 

 activity. Just to the north of them, at the base of the sheer cliff's which here form the 

 flank of the main cone, is another large crater with its mouth little if at all above sea- 

 level. Wisps of steam and vapour which seemed to be issuing in regular puff^s were 

 rising from this crater, and blotches and streaks of sulphur could be seen on the cliff 

 behind it. Members of a boat party, who attempted without success to land near this 

 crater, told us that the tumbled masses of black lava, the dark red rocks and the evident 



