I70 DISCOVERY REPORTS 



to be seen. On the south side of the island, west of Shrove Point, the glacier in some 

 places hangs at the edge of low cliffs, while in others it falls in huge broken masses to 

 the sea (Plate XVIII, figs. 1,2). North of the point the cliffs are much higher, especially 

 to the north of Boot Rock, the glacier with its sinuous margin often hanging more than 

 120 ft. above sea-level (Fig. 12). The thickness of the ice-cap, measured at its broken 

 edge, is about 70 ft. 



The exposures on the eastern cliffs were mainly of dark grey rock, which in one place 

 was clearly stratified. At two points boulders included in a dark red ground-mass were 

 seen (Fig. 12), the formation being presumably a tuff agglomerate. 



The only recorded landing on this island was made by Larsen in 1908. According to 

 the arrow-mark on his sketch-plan (Fig. 10, p. 167) his boat harbour should be situated 

 near our Boot Rock: we did not find it, and the deep bay with rocks and breakers which 

 he shows on the south-east side has no existence in fact. 



Vindication Island 

 Lat. 57°04'S;long. 26°46'W 



(Plates XVI and XVII, fig. 4; Plate XVIII, fig. 3 ; Fig. 13) 



This island is separated from Candlemas Island by Nelson Strait, rather more than 

 2 miles wide ; in outline it is pentagonal, with a circumference of 3 miles and a maximum 

 breadth in an east and west direction of rather more than i mile. At Knob Point in the 

 south-west it rises to a peak 1395 ft. in height, placed close to the sea (Plate XVIII, fig. 3), 

 and there is a lesser peak of 260 ft. at Crosscut Point in the north (Fig. 13 a). The surface 

 of the island is somewhat hollowed, draining towards Rocky Point at the south-east 

 angle, and except at this point the coast is formed of steep cliffs, in some parts almost 

 vertical. At the foot of the cliffs, except on the southern side, there is usually a narrow 

 steeply-shelving beach composed of large boulders. 



No signs of volcanic activity were to be seen, but it was evident that the ground re- 

 tained a certain amount of warmth. In its hollowed surface and on the peaks a small 

 glacier was lying, but it appeared to be of no great thickness, and in striking contrast to 

 the glaciated parts of Candlemas Island, the ice melts long before it reaches the coast, 

 forming two streams. The larger of these reaches the sea to the west of Rocky Point, 

 the smaller to the north of it, falling steeply to the beach. This south-east corner is the 

 only place where penguins can gain access to the island and they have large rookeries on 

 either side of the point. They penetrate inland to a considerable distance, and in doing 

 so make use of well-trampled pathways, on which birds could be seen passing and re- 

 passing, pausing awhile for chat with a friend and then hurrying on their way, like 

 people in a crowded village street. As on other islands patches of green vegetation were 

 to be seen on the rookeries. 



The geological structure of the island is specially well seen in the sheer cliff face on 

 the north-western side between Low Point and Crosscut Point. The rock here is formed 

 of irregular masses of red and brown colour, presumably tuff, with intrusive dykes of 



