Vo1 'kuI XV ] Oberholser, Subspecies of Larus hyperboreus. 4b9 



Type locality. — Northern Norway. 



Geographic distribution. — Europe, Asia, eastern and middle North 

 America. Breeds north to Wrangell Island in northeastern Siberia, New 

 Siberia Islands north of Siberia, Crown Prince Rudolph Island in Franz 

 Josef Land, Spitzbergen, northern Greenland, Grant Land, and Prince 

 Patrick Island in Franklin Territory; west to Prince Patrick Island, 

 Melville Island, and Coronation Gulf in Mackenzie; south to Coronation 

 Gulf, Cape Fullerton in Keewatin, Great Whale River in central western 

 Quebec (Ungava), Newfoundland, Hopedale in eastern Labrador, southern 

 Greenland, Iceland, northern Norway, and the coast region of north- 

 eastern Europe and northern Siberia; and east to the Pribilof Islands, 

 Alaska, and the Diomede Islands, northeastern Siberia. Winters north 

 to the coast region of northern Siberia, the coast of northern Europe, 

 Iceland, southern Greenland, and Baffin Land; and south to Japan, the 

 northern part of the Caspian Sea, Akaba on the northern part of the Red 

 Sea, Gibraltar, England, Ireland, North Carolina, northern Pennsylvania, 

 northwestern Indiana, and casually to northern Texas. 



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Remarks. — In this, the typical form of the species, the mantle is 

 very constantly pale, but size as a differential character is more 

 variable. Birds from Davis Strait and Cumberland Sound, west 

 of Greenland, seem to be as large and pale as Old World examples. 

 All of the birds examined from eastern Siberia and Japan belong 

 also to this race. A single adult from Walrus Island in the Pribilof 

 group, taken, June 13, 1890, and now in the United States National 

 Museum, is very large and pale; in fact, is of maximum size, and 

 in color fully as light as the palest specimens of the present race; 

 and, since the species is known to breed on this island, probably 

 represents the resident form. A single specimen from Akaba on 

 the northeastern arm of the Red Sea is the southernmost record 

 for any form of Larus hyperboreus. 



The well-known wholly white plumage phase of this gull, which 

 was described by Richardson as Larus hutchinsii, 1 seems to be, as 

 indicated by Dr. J. Dwight, 2 a subadult plumage of the second 

 year, although it is possible that not all individuals pass through 

 this condition. As explained under Larus hyperboreus barrovianus, 

 the specimen of Glaucous Gull already recorded from northern 

 Texas proves to belong to that race; but there is in the collection 



i Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 (1832), p. 419 (Albany River, Ontario). 

 2 ' The Auk,' XXIII, No. 1, January, 1906, p. 32. 



