28 MacCattghey, The Hawaiian Elepaio. [j a u n . 



Abdomen and under-tail-coverts white. 



White on outer web of tail-feathers narrow and extending along the edge 

 for the greater part of its length; white tip about .35 inch long. 



The throat and forehead of the adult female are much whiter than those 

 of the adult male. 



The young are very rufous above and chiefly orange-rufous below, with 

 tawny-under-tail-coverts and rusty wing bars. 



Measurements of adult. 



inches inches 



Length 5.25-5.50 Bill, depth .16 



Wing 2.55-2.95 Bill, width .22 



Tail 2.35-2.60 Tarsus 80-. 89 



Culmen 45- .50 Toe .65 



This species is abundant in all forested parts of the island; it 

 was observed, mating and nesting, along the Na Pali coast. 



The appearance, ranges, habitats, habits, calls and song, breed- 

 ing habits, nests, eggs, and life-cycles of the three species, in so far 

 as known, are so very similar in every respect that in the remain- 

 ing sections of this paper, save where otherwise noted, they will 

 be considered as ecologically a single form. Field observations 

 fully warrant this point of view. 



Range: The native passerine birds of the Hawaiian Islands 

 fall into three groups, according to range. 1. Those which 

 occur on all the main islands of the group. 2. Those which occur 

 on several islands, but also are absent from several islands. 3. 

 Those which are confined to a single island only, and (in many 

 cases) to very limited areas on that island. The genus Chasiempis 

 belongs to the second group; the species fall in group three. 



The genus occurs on Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii, and is absent 

 from the islands of Niihau, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Kahoo- 

 lawe. The absence from Niihau and Kahoolawe (the two smallest 

 of the eight large islands), may be explained by deforestation; the 

 primitive forest mantle has been wholly destroyed. Lanai and 

 West Molokai have been largely denuded of forest. East Molokai 

 and Maui, however, possess extensive forest belts closely resembling 

 those of Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii. 



There is no evidence to show that the Elepaio has become 



