182 Recent Literature. ree 
lecophagus are given as ‘‘abundant” in May at Fort Chippewyan, and the 
White-crowned Sparrow, found at Fort Rae, is recorded as Zonotrichia 
intermedia. While some of these records are surprising, to say the least, 
and possibly, with some others not here mentioned, may require revision, 
great credit is due Mr. Russell for the successful accomplishment of a 
most difficult journey, often under circumstances requiring a: high order 
of courage, determination, and intelligence, and the Iowa University is to 
be congratulated upon the very substantial returns, in the way of collec- 
tions and information, that have resulted from the young explorer’s efforts 
as its representative. —J. A. A. 
Loomis on California Water Birds.— Part IV! of Mr. Loomis’s notes 
on California Water Birds relates to observations made off. the coast of 
Monterey, September 18 to November 14, 1896. For nearly two months 
almost daily trips were made upon the ocean from the Hopkins Seaside 
Laboratory at Pacific Grove, and a summary of each day’s observations is 
given (pp. 278-303). Then follow his ‘Conclusions,’ and finally a formal 
list of the species observed. The ‘Conclusions’ relate to the subject of 
migration, and treat of ‘Migration Southward after Breeding Season,’ 
‘Guidance by Physical Phenomena, ‘Guidance by Old Birds,’ and ‘ Cause 
of Migration.’ Especial attention is called to the fact that certain species 
of Petrels and Shearwaters found in our northern waters in summer 
breed either in the southern hemisphere or in the tropics. Mr. Loomis, 
in view of his experiences with the water birds off the California coast, 
has reached the conclusion that they are guided in their movements by 
the shore line and its prominent landmarks, and that in their sea journeys 
they may be able to direct their course by the currents and winds, and 
possibly by ‘‘celestial phenomena.” He also considers it “ reasonable to 
conclude that the young in the journey from their birthplace to the winter 
home of the species are dependent upon the guidance of the old birds who 
know the way because they have traveled it.” “The causes of migration” 
he considers to be (1) “physical or outward,” and (2) ‘‘ psychological or 
inward.” ‘In fine, it is maintained that winter, past and present, with 
its failure of food is the outward cause of all migratory movement.” The 
“psychological or inward” cause of migration resolves itself into ‘ Inherit- 
ance,’ ‘ Education’ and ‘Habit.’ “It is not unreasonable” he says, “to 
suppose that there exists in migratory birds an inherent desire for travel 
and an inherited talent for geography. The ease with which birds find 
their nests in chaparral or in a sea of tules manifests that they possess 
memory of direction and locality ina remarkable degree. In migratory 
‘California Water Birds. No. IV, Vicinity of Monterey in Autumn. By 
Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of the Department of Ornithology. Proc. Cali- 
fornia Acad. Sci., Third Series, Voi. II, No. 3, pp. 277-322, pl. xv (map). 
Issued Feb. 12, 1900. 
