370 DwiGut, Moult of North American Shore Birds. Auk 
birds is often indistinguishable from the juvenal, in another 
indistinguishable from the first winter dress, the difference being 
in the young birds. The first class of young birds retains the 
juvenal plumage, modified only by wear, until a mid-winter or 
spring moult takes place, the second assumes a distinct first 
winter plumage by an early postjuvenal moult, which involves 
only the body feathers, the tertiaries and a few of the lesser wing- 
coverts. As both classes of young birds and the adults of all spe- 
cies undergo a prenuptial moult by which the nuptial or breeding 
dress is assumed, it seems desirable to speak of a prenuptial 
moult (rather than of a delayed postjuvenal) in birds of the first 
class. The facts are not altered, but we must say,.for conven- 
ience, that in this class the postjuvenal moult is omitted or sup- 
pressed and the first winter plumage is simply the juvenal modi- 
fied by wear. 
The following are-some of the species belonging to the first 
class, viz., American Woodcock (Lhilohela minor), Wilson’s Snipe 
(Gallinago delicata), Pectoral Sandpiper (77inga maculata), Soli- 
tary Sandpiper (Zotanus solitarius), Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis 
macularia), Long-billed Curlew (umenius longirostris), Killdeer 
(4igialitis vocifera), Semipalmated Plover (4gtalitis semipal- 
mata), and Turnstone (Avenaria interpres). 
The second class includes, among others, the following, viz., 
Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius), Northern Phalarope 
(Phalaropus lobatus), Wilson’s Phalarope (/halaropus tricolor) , 
American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana), Dowitcher (Jacror- 
hamphus griseus), Long-billed Dowitcher (Alacrorhamphus scolopa- 
ceus), Stilt Sandpiper (A@icropalama himantopus), Knot (Zringa 
canutus), White-rumped Sandpiper: (Z7imga fusctcollis), Least 
Sandpiper (Zrinmga minutilla), Semipalmated Sandpiper (47ew- 
netes pusillus), Dunlin (Zringa alpina), Red-backed Sandpiper 
(Tringa alpina pacifica), Greater Yellow-legs (Zotanus melano- 
leucus), Yellow-legs (Zotanus flavipes), Willet (Svmphemia semt- 
palmata), Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), Butt- 
breasted Sandpiper (Z7ringytes subruficollis), Sanderling ( Calidris 
arenaria), Black-bellied - Plover (Charadrius squatarola), and 
American Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus) . 
It is evident that the feathers of the juvenal plumage must be 
