384 Dwicnut, Moult of North American Shore Birds. a 
practically complete except perhaps in some females. Only one 
specimen ( C. sguatarola, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 39072, 9, 
February 27, Florida) shows actual moult of the primaries, this 
bird having renewed all but the two distal, a few nuptial body 
feathers are growing, the tail is old. Another specimen of C. 
sguatarola, however (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 161033, February 16, 
Philippine Islands) has fresh wings and part of the body feath- 
ers are new and a specimen of C. dominicus (Am. Mus. Nat. 
Hist. No. 67499, 9, March 26, Texas) is quite similar although 
it is possible they are both adults. 
The results of this moult may be seen in many spring and early 
summer specimens, the old gray winter feathers, which are most 
abundantly retained in females, scattered through the black of the 
lower parts and less conspicuously on the back among the golden 
spotted nuptial feathers of C. dominicus or the white-tipped ones 
of C. sguatarola. 
5. Second or Adult Winter Plumage acquired by a complete 
postnuptial moult. Many August and September specimens show 
new gray feathers creeping in among the dark ones of the nuptial 
dress, C. sguataro/a apparently beginning to moult earlier than 
C. dominicus. A specimen of C. dominicus (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
No. 30855, August, Bolivia) shows an early stage, neither the 
remiges nor the rectrices as yet involved, and indicates that these 
feathers, as in other species, are later than those of the body. 
It is not surprising that no specimens showing their moult have 
found their way into collections for winter adults of all species 
are surprisingly rare. 
6. Second or Adult Nuptial Plumage acquired by a prenuptial 
moult which evidently includes the body feathers but apparently 
not those of the wings and tail. The difficulty of distinguishing 
adults from young, added to imperfect data, makes me hesitate 
about citing several specimens with worn flight-feathers that show 
growth of new body feathers, but the evidence that new body 
plumage is assumed by moult is conclusive if we examine birds 
even in worn breeding dress. 
A few specimens of Charadrius pluvialis indicate precisely the 
same sequence of plumages and moults here outlined. 
It is only a matter of suitable specimens and of time, for the 
