182 Miscellanies. 
10. Arrangement of Rocks.—Dr. K. C. Von Leonhard, professor 
of Mineralogy and Geology at Heidleberg, dissatisfied with the old 
division of rocks into Primitive; Transition and Secondary, has pro- 
posed the following, which he regards as better defined by analogies 
of character, better connected by reciprocal gradation, by organ- 
ic remains, and by a constant, or at least a very frequent, appearance 
of various members of such groups. 
I. Postdiluvial. 
If. Diluvial. 
HI. Fresh water Gypsum, with coarse limestone, (grob kalk) and 
plastic clay. x 
1V. Chalk and green sand. 
VY. Jura and oolite limestone. 
VI. Lias and Keuper. 
VII. Shell limestone (muschel kalk) and variegated sandstone. 
VIII. Magnesian limestone, (zechstein) and red sandstone, (tod-lie 
- gendes) 
XI. Coal. 
X. Transition limestone, greywacke, and clay slate.—Jamieson’s 
Journal, Oct. 1839. 
11. Enormous quantity of iron manufactured, and of coal const- 
medin Wales. (Foster, in Transactions of the Natural Society of 
Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle.)\—The quantity of iron an 
nually manufactured in Wales, has been calculated at about 270,000 
ons. Of this quantity a proportion of about three fourths is made 
into bars, and one fourth sold as pigs and castings. The quantity Su 
coal required for its manufacture on the average of the whole, 1 
cluding that used by engines, workmen, &c. will be about 52 tons 
for each ton of iron; the annual consumption of coal by the irom 
works will therefore be about 1,500,000 tons. The quantity used ia 
smelting of copper ore, imported from Cornwall, in the manufacture of 
tin plate, forging of iron for various purp , and fordomestic uses may 
be calculated at 350,000, which makes altogether the annual consump: 
tion of coal in Wales=1,850,000 tons. The annual quantity of iron 
manufactured in Great Britian is 690,000 tons. From this statement 
it will be observed that the quantity of iron smelted in Wales, is UP” 
wards of one third of the total quantity made in Great Britain. The 
manufacture of the Welsh Iron is in the hands of a few extensive af 
italists, and is carried on with great spirit and attention to improve 
ment. The principal works are in the town of Merthyr, and its 
mediate neighborhood ; and as the greatest proportion of metal gt 
duced is manufactured into bar iron, a process which in the refining: 
