314 Mr. Redfield’s Reply to Dr. Hare. 
before him which are shown in my survey of the tornado, and 
also with the numerous observations made in great storms, which 
I have published, it is both vain and absurd to pretend that my 
views of their rotation are founded only in imagination. Iam 
not conscious of having “built” or indicated any “ theory,” 
views, suggestions or explanations of storms or whirlwinds which 
have not been based on observations of my own and facts other- 
wise ascertained, sufficient in my view to warrant them; the 
‘unequal and opposing forces’ even included: although, I have 
not always urged these facts upon the attention of my readers; 
having, not unfrequently, reserved them for more appropriate oc- 
casions. Hence, my alleged proofs have been chiefly confined 
to the progressive course and rotative action developed in storms; 
which last, strangely enough, has been so pertinaciously denied 
by Mr. Espy, and now by Dr. Hare. 
- My opponent next attempts to show, “ that any deficit of pres- 
sure about the axis” of a whirlwind, “ consequent to the resulting 
centrifugal force, could only cause in the atmosphere a descend- 
ing current, while it could not tend in the slightest degree to 
carry solids or liquids aloft.” p. 146. Iwas also surprised to find 
this hypothetical downward current in the midst of a whirlwind 
alleged asa necessary condition, on former occasions, by Mr. 
Espy. If the allegation be trne, it must be easy to show that 
the ascending currents in chimneys should become inverted: for, 
so far as simple gravitation is concerned, it can make little differ- 
ence whether the rarefaction be mechanical or calorific. 
But the ascending effects in the interior of a whirlwind have’ 
been too often witnessed by myself and others to require discus- 
sion. Indeed, it would almost seem that the objectors had been 
precluded from all opportunities for correct observation. There 
the objects elevated cannot be seen in the central and lower parts 
of the whirlwind; owing, as I have had good occasion to know, 
to the great sivbialny velocity of the central gyrations. 
Dr. Hare appears to suppose, that gyration in a revolving fluid 
mass will not quicken as it approaches the center, unless as — 
ing from a centripetal force “caused by suction at the axis.” 
A constant centripetal force I have already recognized on this 
as well as former occasions. But this by no means requires or 
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ce 
are numerous cases, however, in which the upward movement of ~ ry . 
ory 
