INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXIII 
It should also be mentioned here, that some very widely diffused European and Australian plants 
are absent from New Zealand, as Lythrum Salicaria, Alchemilla arvensis, Portulaca oleracea, Hydro- 
» cotyle vulgaris, Zapania nodiflora, Verbena officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Samolus Valerandi, Vallisneria 
spiralis, Potamogeton perfoliatus and crispus, Alisma Plantago, Caulinia oceanica, Juncus maritimus 
and effusus, Carex cespitosa, Cladium Mariscus, Isolepis fluitans, Cyperus rotundus, Glyceria fluitans, 
and Arundo Phragmites. 
5. Antarctic* plants in New Zealand.—Of these Antarctic plants, about 50 inhabit the moun- 
tains and southern extreme of New Zealand; a number which (as I have stated at p. 15) will 
probably be greatly increased by future discoveries. They may be geographically grouped as 
follows :—a. Those of general distribution, being common also to Europe, as Callitriche, Montia, 
Cardamine hirsuta, Potentilla anserina, Epilobium tetragonum, Myriophyllum, Calystegia Soldanella 
and C. Sepium, Limosella, many Monochlamydee, and more Monocotyledones.—b. Those found also 
in Tasmaniat, and chiefly on its mountains, but not elsewhere; as Oxalis Magellanica, Acena, 
some Epilobia, Colobanthus, Scleranthus, Tillea, Apium, Coprosma, Leptinella, Hierochloe antarc- 
tica, etc. 
The botanical affinity between extra-tropical South America, the Antarctic islands, New Zea- 
land, and Tasmania, is, however, much better indicated by the peculiar genera, by groups of those, or 
by individual species which, as it were, represent one another in two or more of these localities, and 
which give a peculiar botanical character to the flora of southern latitudes beyond latitude 35°. 
Of these genera, there are 50 which afford botanical characters in common, and give as decided 
a proof of close affinity in vegetation, as do the 50 identical species above mentioned. The most 
conspicuous of these genera common to all the above-named localities are, Colobanthus, Drosera, 
Acena, Gunnera, Oreomyrrhis, Leptinella, Lagenophora, Forstera, Pratia, Gaultheria, Gentiana, 
Euphrasia, Plantago, Drapetes, Fagus, Astelia, Juncus, Carpha, Chetospora, Oreobolus, Uncinia, 
Carex, and many Grasses, especially Hierochloe, Alopecurus, Trisetum, Deyeuxia, ete. 
In the following list 228 species are thus contrasted: in most of these cases the parallelism is 
very striking, but a few are open to future investigation. In sketching out the grand features of 
so large an area, I must demand some indulgence from those of my readers who may have the oppor- 
tunity of going into the details of the evidence I here adduce. The subject is one that cannot 
be fully worked out without far more materials than have hitherto been collected. I could easily 
have trebled the list were there any object in doing so, by adducing instances of feebler repre- 
sentation] than I have thought it worth while to introduce. When the floras of the mountains of 
South Chili, New Zealand, Southern Tasmania, the Australian Alps, the Crozets, Prince Edward’s 
Islands, Amsterdam Island, St. Paul’s Island, and M‘Quarrie Island, shall have been properly ex- 
plored, the great problem of Representation and Distribution in the South Temperate and Antarctic 
zone will be solved. 
* For the limitation of the term Antarctic, I must refer to the Introduction to the second part of the * Flora 
Antarctica,’ p. 210, and shall only mention here that its flora includes that of Fuegia, the Falklands, with different 
islands east and south of them, Tristan d’Acunha, St. Paul’s, Amsterdam and Kerguelen’s Land, Lord Auckland’s, 
Campbell’s, and other islands south and east of New Zealand. 
+ Tasmania contains some Antarctic genera and species not hitherto found in New Zealand, which will be 
specially alluded to in the Tasmanian Flora, as Pernettya, Hucryphia, etc. 
i I need hardly remark, that in the following list all the instances selected are of Botanical affinity ; to the 
exclusion of cases of mere analogical resemblance between plants that are not botanically closely allied. 
I 
