of the Ox and its allied Species. 311 



(usually died a fine crimson) from the tail of the grunting-ox. 

 The chotories, or fly-drivers, employed in India, are composed 

 of the same materials. This species is domesticated by the 

 Calmucks, the Mongolians, and other Tartar tribes. These 

 cattle, though not large boned, look very bulky, from the vast 

 quantity of long hair with which they are covered. They have 

 a downcast heavy look, are sullen and suspicious, and usually 

 exhibit considerable impatience at the near approach of stran- 

 gers. Though not employed in agriculture, they are strong 

 and sure-footed as beasts of burden, and are capable of carry- 

 ing great weights. "In India," says Mr. Turner, " no man 

 of fashion ever goes out or sits in form at home, without two 

 ckotorabadars, or brushers attending him, each furnished with 

 one of these tails mounted on silver or ivory handles, to brush 

 away the flies. The Chinese die them of a beautiful red, and 

 wear them as tufts to their summer bonnets." 



7. — The Cape Buffalo- 

 (Bos Caffer, Sparmann. — Qu' Arako of the Hottentots.) 



This species i3 distinguished by dark rufous horns, spread- 

 ing horizontally over the summit of the head, with the beams 

 bent down laterally, and the points turned up. They are from 

 eight to ten inches broad at the base, and divided only by a 

 slight groove, extremely ponderous, cellular near the root, 

 and five feet long, measured from tip to tip along the curves. 

 Hide black, almost naked, especially in old animals. Tail 

 naked, furnished with an elongated tuft of bristles at the end. 

 Lives in families or small herds in the brushwood and open 

 forests of Caffraria. Sparmann and Professor Thunberg have 

 published striking accounts of the strength and ferocity of 

 these animals. Like the Buffalo, Aurochs, and others of the 

 genus, they are capable of being excited almost to madness by 

 any thing of a red colour. They swim with force and agility. 



Several other species and varieties have been described by 

 travellers and zoological inquirers ; but those above enumerated 

 will suffice for our present purpose. 



The following is a summary of the geographical distribu- 

 tion of the principal species of wild cattle. There are two 

 species proper to North America — the Musk Ox (B- moschatus), 

 which dwells within the polar circle, and the Bison or Ameri- 

 can Buffalo (B- A/nericanus), which inhabits from that circle 

 southwards till between the 40th and 35th degrees of north 

 latitude. There are two species characteristic of Europe — the 

 Aurochs or European Bison (B. Bison), called Zubr by the 

 Poles, and the genuine Bnll (B. Taurus), the Thur of the 

 middle ages, and Urus of the ancients, now extinct in the wild 

 state. There are at least four species found in Asia — the 

 Yack or Grunting-Ox (B. qrwnniens) — the common Buffalo 

 (B. bubalus) — the Arnee (B. amcc) — and the Gayal (B. ga- 



