Mananiferoui Aidmah. 75 



elephant) which, by the manner in which it is rendered do- 

 mestic, furnishes us with an example of this truth. 



All die social animals, when left to themselves, form herds 

 more or less numerous, and all the individuals of the same 

 herd know each other, and are mutually attached, and live in 

 harmony so long as no incident occurs to disturb it. But this 

 sort of attachment exists only with reference to the individuals 

 of the same herd ; a strange individual is not at first admitted 

 by them, they almost always receive it as an enemy, and bad 

 treatment often reduces it to the necessity of flying. 



On the other hand, every isolated individual has need of the 

 society of its fellows : it seeks them out, approaches them, fol- 

 lows them at first at a distance, and, in order to be admitted, 

 renounces its will to the point at which the feeling of self- 

 preservation determines it to defend itself, or to withdraw. 



Elephants, like all other social animals, might therefore im- 

 mediately employ force for the purpose of subjecting others ; 

 and, in fact, this is what takes place in the manner in which 

 wild elephants are reduced to domesticity. 



Domesticated individuals, commonly females, are conducted 

 to the neighbourhood of places in which wild individuals have 

 settled. If there be in their herd one which is forced to keep 

 separate from the rest, he quickly discovers the domestic indi- 

 viduals, and approaches them. The masters of the latter, who 

 aio at hand, run up, and confine the. strange elephant with 

 ropes, being protected by those which belong to them, and 

 which, on the smallest resistance from the new comer, strike it 

 with their proboscis or tusks, and compel it to submit to be 

 led away. 



It happens, cither from the nature of individuals, or from 

 the nature of species, that the energy of certain propensities 

 acquires such power that no other feeling can overcome it, and 

 under the empire of which no other feeling can ever arise. 

 It is therefore indispensably necessary, with respect to animals 

 which experience so imperious a desire of independence, to 

 commence with immediately acting upon their will, to deaden 

 their rage, in order to render them capable of fear or gratitude. 

 A forced state of watchfulness, is of all the modifications 

 ■which an untamed animal may experience, that which is 

 best adapted to weaken its will, and dispose it to obedience, 

 especially when benefits and chastisements arc prudently 

 associated with it. 



The means which may be employed for suspending sleep, 

 consist in strokes of a whip, applied more or less smartly, or 

 iu a loud noise, such as that of a drum or trumpet, which is 



