42 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1914. 
consist of his photophone, induction balance apparatus, multiple 
telegraph apparatus, etc. 
Near by is the experimental telephone apparatus made and used 
by Mr. Emile Berliner, whose invention of the battery transmitter 
antedated that of Thomas A. Edison, and also various telephone de- 
vices demonstrating the work of Edison, Elisha Gray, and others. 
Of much historical interest is the make-and-break telephone, which 
transmitted sounds but not articulate speech, devised by Philip Reis, 
of Frankfort, Germany, in 1860. 
At the western end of the hall are the exhibits illustrating the re- 
cording and reproducing of sound. The phonautograph, devised by 
Leon Scott in 1857, occupies a special case at the entrance. It was 
made by Rudolph Koenig, of Paris, and obtained for the Smith- 
sonian Institution by Prof. Joseph Henry in 1866. In this instru- 
ment the record of speech is traced on a carbon-coated cylinder by a 
light stylus attached to a thin membrane, which is set in vibration by 
the sound of the voice. The cylinder is rotated by hand. The record 
made by this process can not be reproduced, but was employed for 
studying sound waves. This machine is the first in which the vibrat- 
ing diaphragm and recording stylus were used, and these devices 
form one of the principal features of the talking machines of later 
invention. 
Following the phonautograph is the Edison phonograph, the first 
talking machine operated. It was brought out in 1878, and in the 
same year was exhibited before President Hayes at the White House 
and before the National Academy of Sciences at the Smithsonian In- 
stitution. In this instrument the sound record is embossed on a sheet 
of tin foil, wrapped around a cylinder, by a metal stylus attached to 
a vibrating diaphragm. The spoken words are reproduced by revolv- 
ing the cylinder while the stylus travels over the impressions, and 
this can be repeated many times. Closely associated are later devel- 
opments of the phonograph, represented in a series of Edison instru- 
ments in which the records are made on wax cylinders by a steel 
stylus, and by inventions of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell and Mr. 
Sumner Tainter, by which the record on the wax cylinder is carved 
out by a stylus terminating in a cutting point. 
Another group of important original apparatus illustrates the 
talking machine called the gramophone, devised by Mr. Emile Ber- 
liner, first introduced in 1887, and publicly demonstrated the follow- 
ing year before the Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia. In the 
gramophone the sound vibrations are recorded in a delicate film of 
wax or fatty substance spread on the surface of a flat zine disk, and 
by means of chromic acid the lines traced by the stylus are etched in 
the zinc to an even depth. From this record is then made a reverse 
electrotype matrix which serves for the production of a large num- 
