DE. J. MUKIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 557 



furthest back and partly covered by the middle constrictor. As it reaches the root of 

 the tongue and narrows, it likewise becomes vertically deeper and laterally compressed, 

 and proceeds along the genio-hyoglossus to the tip of the tongue ; previously to which 

 the styloglossus ensheaths it. 



Arising from the anterior and outer side of the stylohyal the thin layer of mus- 

 cular fibres of the styloglossus passes forwards and downwards obliquely, and, wrapping 

 round the anterior half of the thicker hyoglossus, goes on with it towards the tip of 

 the tongue. The long flattened irregular-shaped sublingual gland lies on the surface 

 of this muscle. Representatives of the levator palati and circumflex or extensor palati 

 are present. These were not made out precisely before cutting away the tongue and 

 pharynx. The remnants of both appeared large ; the latter muscle must be rather 

 strong, if the long deeply-grooved hamular process be indicative of a large tendon to it. 



Azygos uvulae. — This so-called pair of muscles are very long, narrow, but strong 

 fleshy bands. They arise (close together) from the hinder edge and under surface of 

 the palatine plates, and, proceeding backwards deeply within the tissues of the soft palate, 

 diverge, one to each division of the uvula, being expanded inferiorly. 



The palato-pharyngeus is a strong broad fleshy layer, with a postpalatine origin. 

 The fibres as they go backwards diverge outwards and go round to the back of the 

 pharynx, mingling partly with the superior constrictor, and partly covering the oeso- 

 phageal membrane itself. A salpingo-pharyngeus was not differentiated, if it existed. 

 The presence of a stylo-pharyngeus, however, was better attested, viz. a longish band 

 starting anteriorly from the tympanohyal cartilaginous apex. Directed rearwards 

 deeply between the superior and middle constrictors, and becoming broader, it is 

 fastened to the nodular cartilage at the posterior end of the thyrohyal and to the 

 anterior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The fibres of the palato-glossus are intimately 

 united with the neighbouring muscles. They pass inwards and dowmvards from the 

 narial opening to the genio-hyoglossus. 



2. Deglutive Apparatus. 



a. Pharynx and fleshy appurtenances. — The pharyngeal cavity comprehended behind 

 the velum is capacious, but under the influence of powerful constrictors ; at the same 

 time it is so very distensible that, in the relaxed condition of the parts, many of the 

 folds and ruga? are readily obliterated. Its whole interior mucous coat is remarkably 

 glandular, and particularly so at the sides of the postnarial opening. A foreshortened 

 view of the region under consideration is shown in PI. LXXX. fig. 57 ; it may be 

 described as follows : — The posterior pillar of the fauces projects on the side of the 

 wall in front of the epiglottis; the lingual surface has numerous wrinkled folds, some 

 of which may be considered to represent the fraenula or glosso-epiglottidean ligaments 

 of Man. From the surface of this part a number of long conical papilla? project ; these 

 are distributed rather widely apart. The epiglottis and superior aperture of the glottis 



vol. vm. — part ix. June, 1874. 4h 



