'Sof^n CouEs, Gaikes Heligolaud. 327 



27. Somateria mollissima. Common in autumn and winter, irrespec- 

 tive of the weather. 



28. Mergus merganser. Common in severe winters, rare in mild ones. 



29. Mergus serrator. Very common in severe winters. 



30. Mergellus albellus. Rare, in winter — hardly more than a straggler. 



31. Phalacrocorax carbo. Rare and irregular, in winter; only one ever 

 taken in full dress. 



32. Phalacrocorax graculus. Like the last, but rarer. 



33. Sula bassana. Occasional at any season, except Jan. and Feb of 

 hard winters ; but no breeding record. 



34. Rissa tridactyla. Commonest Gull, from Oct. to Feb.; much killed 

 for food and ornament. 



35. Larus glaucus. Frequent, in late fall and winter ; never seen in 

 full dress. 



36. Larus leucopterus. Rare in winter — hardly to be seen everv 

 winter. 



37. Larus marinus. Common, in autumn and winter, but extremelv 

 rare in full dress. 



38. Larus fuscus. Not common ; chiefly young birds in Sept. 



39. Larus canus. Common in winter. 



40. Larus ridibundus. Rare, especially old birds; young ones in 

 sporadic flocks. 



41. Larus minutus. Common in migration, from Sept. onward, but 

 many also winter. Only twice taken in full dress (once Nov. 15, 1S61). 



42. Fulmarus glacialis. Irregular, mostly isolated cases ; sometimes 

 common in Nov. and Dec. 



43. Procellaria pelagica. Taken almost every winter, but hardly reg- 

 ular ; 8 or 10 in Nov., Dec. 1879. 



44. Urinator immer, better known as Colymhus torqnatus. Common in 

 late fall and winter; rarely seen in full dress. 



45. Urinator arcticus. Frequent in winter ; only one specimen ever 

 taken in full dress. 



46. Urinator lumme. Commonest Diver in winter ; immense flights 

 occasionally. 



47. Cepphus grylle. Common, in Aug., fall, and winter; rarely seen 

 in full dress. 



48. Alle alle. Common late in autuinn and in winter. 



49. Colymbus griseigena. Frequent in fall, rare in winter, no bird in 

 full dress seen for 20 years. 



^o. Colymbus auritus [^cornutns Auct.). Common in fall and \vinter. 



This list of 50 species includes a few "irregulars," and a few 

 others which are " resident " after a fashion ; for the rest it is the 

 list of regular winterers of Heligoland. In this category, the 

 land-list is only about one-fifth ; and if we except roving flocks of 

 some of these species, the numbers of individuals bear no calcu- 



