[Vor. 3 
246 ANNALS oF THE Missourt BOTANICAL GARDEN 
While the occurrence of moulds in the lungs of birds was 
known in 1815, it was not discovered in man until 
1847. The first notice of a real pneumonomycosis caused by 
Aspergillus was made by Baum, Litzmann, and Hichstett 
(cited by Plaut, '03) from sections of a diseased lung taken 
from a woman's body shortly after death. The first scien- 
tific description of such a ease is that by Virchow (756) who, 
on three occasions, found in human bodies such gangrenous 
colonies as could be, he considered, easily differentiated, by 
the absenee of an odor, from ordinary inflammations of the 
lung. The fresh lung colonies were of a hemorrhagic nature 
and, according to Virchow, of secondary importance. De- 
scriptions of the parasite as found in similar instances by 
Fürbringer (776) indieate that the fungus may have been 
a species of Mucor. 
Freneh authors took the view that a primary lung my- 
cosis exists in man and may quickly change into conditions 
of tuberculosis; but that the lung mycosis may also be com- 
plicated with tuberculosis, whereupon the distinction becomes 
very difficult. Chantemesse (’91) discovered similar condi- 
tions in the men who care for pigeons, and whose lungs 
become diseased in consequence of their vocation. These men 
masticate the bird food, which consists of grain, and the 
young birds eat directly from the caretaker’s mouth. Infec- 
tion with fungous spores doubtless takes place during this 
feeding process. The development of the disease resembles 
entirely a chronic lung tuberculosis. Histologically, the le- 
sions in birds and mammals resemble in their structure the 
lesions of the tubercle bacillus of Koch. 
The first observation of a fungus in the ear was reported 
by Mayer in 1844 (cited by Plaut, '03), who found a fungous 
mass (possibly Aspergillus) in the ear of an eight-year-old 
girl. Pacini, in 1851, and Grove, in 1857 (cited by Plaut, 
'03), reported Sterigmatocystis nigra, and Cramer, in 1859 
(cited by Plaut, 703), reported S. nigra (antacustica) as oc- 
eurring in the ear. Sehwatze, von Wreden, and Bezold 
(eited by Plaut, '03) upheld the parasitie theory of this fun- 
gus. More recently Hatch and Row (’00), in India, where 
