1916] 
Еміс--Үкавт Fuxar 261 
ing tissues, or breaking through sueh tissues, they give off 
small groups of free cells which may be carried by the blood 
to various parts of the body, there to set up independent 
growths (metastases). With the local disturbances caused 
by such abnormal growths, many normal cells are killed, 
whereas the cancer cells themselves undergo hyperplasia and 
hypertrophy. The progress of cancer is accompanied by the 
degenerating of various kinds of cells, and these different 
structures are the things which have been interpreted by 
various investigators as x-bodies, amoebae, coccidia, pro- 
tozoa, or other organisms. 
Many of the structures thus interpreted as organisms are 
characterized by capsules which some investigators have in- 
terpreted as parts of an invading organism. Cell invasions 
are common in cancer tissue, but the capsules are only con- 
densations of the invaded protoplasm. Pianeze (296) ob- 
served similar bodies in the nuclei of cancer cells, and inter- 
preted both these and the cytoplasmic forms as colloidal 
degenerations of the chromatin and cytoplasm. 
Although these cell inclusions in human cancer cannot be 
considered as organisms, it does not follow that real organ- 
isms are not present. Later stages of the disease are par- 
ticularly suitable for secondary infection, and exposed sur- 
face lesions form a suitable medium for the growth of bac- 
teria, yeast-like organisms, and other fungi. 
San Felice ('95) made a series of inoculation experiments 
on animals with yeast-fungi obtained from various sources, 
principally from the juice of fruits. During the course of 
these experiments he found one species, T'orula neoformans, 
which, if inoculated into animals, produced the formation of 
neoplasm. The same author (’96) also discovered Cryptococ- 
cus lithogenes in a lymphatic ganglion of a cow that died as a 
result of a primary carcinoma of the liver. From this observa- 
tion he seemingly obtained the confirmation of his ideas on the 
pathogenic rôle of eryptococci in the formation of malignant 
tumors. His parasitic theory of cancer was based on the 
presence of cryptococci in tumors, the isolation of eryptococci 
