158 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 
teeth. The peculiarity of the back upper molar is not shared by any other 
North American section of Arvicola, though re-occurring in Evotomys. 
The back lower molar consists of three prisms, the crowns of which 
form three nearly transverse spherical triangles, with their greatest convexity 
posterior; the inclosed dentine islets reach across the tooth (¢. e., there is no 
median line of enamel dividing off lateral triangles on either side, as is the 
case with all the other teeth; though sometimes, when the middle islet is 
very sharp-angled and a little oblique, it gives rise to a partial enamel-line, 
abutting against the wall of the back islet). As elsewhere throughout the 
genus Arvicola, the tooth is abruptly narrower than the antecedent one. 
The middle lower molar has a posterior transverse crescentic ellipse, or 
spherical triangle, with its greatest convexity backward, its dentine islet 
reaching across the tooth. The rest of the tooth is of four alternating lateral 
closed triangles: the first internal, the second external, the third internal, the 
fourth or front one antero-external. Thus there are in all three saliencies on 
each side and two reéntrances on each side (¢hree internal reéntrances, if 
a nick between the antero-external and next internal triangle be counted). 
The median zigzag of enamel effects perfect closure of all these triangles, 
starting from the front of the back loop forward and inward to form the base 
of the next lateral triangle, then shooting forward and outward, then forward 
and inward, then forward and outward. This tooth is much shorter and a 
little narrower than the next one. 
The front lower molar is the longest of all the teeth; its crown is 
exactly that of the middle lower molar p/us one more internal lateral triangle 
and the large anterior trefoil. Thus there are in all three external saliencies 
(two of them being closed lateral triangles) and four internal saliencies (three 
of them being closed triangles), without counting the lobes of the anterior 
trefoil, which give another saliency on each side; and likewise there are three 
external reéntrances and four internal reéntrances, without counting the nicks 
of the anterior trefoil, which give another reéntrance on each side. The 
posterior loop and the several lateral triangles of this tooth are pretty con- 
stant, but the anterior trefoil varies interminably in precise size and shape. 
It would be useless to attempt to give its endless minor modifications. But 
we should note that either lobe of this trefoil may closely simulate an addi- 
tional lateral triangle; that this is particularly the case with the outer lobes, 
and, when it is accompanied by a forward extension of the median line of 
