CASTORIDA—CASTOR—CASTOR FIBER. 433 
seem scarcely distinct from the existing species (C. fiber), whose remains also 
occur in the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of Europe and in the Qua- 
ternary deposits of North America. The existing Beaver is separable into 
two well-marked subspecies, one of whichis restricted to North America, and 
the other to Europe and Western Asia. 
CASTOR FIBER Linn. 
Beaver. 
SYNONYMY.* 
Castor fiber LINN., Syst. Nat., ed. 12th, i, 1766, 78.—Forsten, Phil. Trans., |xii, 1772. 875.—EnXxLeBEn, 
xu 
aon 
Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, 44U.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 124.—ScnresBer, Siiuget., iv, 1792, 
623, pl. elxvi (skull), pl. clxxv (anima)l).—Suaw, Gen. ZoGl., ii, 1201, 30.—TuzprmMann, Zool., i, 
1808, 481.—PaLtas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, 1511, 412.—Okrn, Naturgesch., iii, 2, 1816, 
79.—Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 186.—DrsMarest, Mamm., 1822,277.—IKNox, Mem. Wern. 
H Nat. Hist. Soc., iv, 1823, 548 (anatomy).—J. Sabre, Frankiin’s Journ. to the Polar Sea, 1823, 
659.—Say, Long’s Exped. R. Mts., i, 1823, 464.—Harvan, Fauna Amer., 1&25, 122.—GopMan, 
Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 1826, 21—Grirvirn’s Cuvier’s An. King., v, 1827, 207.—BranpT & 
RAtzeBunG, Mediz. Zool., i, 1829, 13, pl. iii, iv, iv a—OweEN, Proce. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1830, 19 
(anatomy ).—BENNETT?, Gardens and Menag. Zodl. Soc., Quad., i, 1835, 153.—DouGury, Cab. 
Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598, pl. i—WarrrHousE, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598 
(figure of skull).—Scu1Nnz, Europ. Faun., 1840, 57.—K®yser_ine & Buasivs, Wirbelt. Europ., 
1840, 31—Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 51—THompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 38—DeKay, 
Nat. Hist. N. York, i, 1842, 72, pl. xx, fig. 1, pl. viii, figs. a, b—-Nitsson, Skand. Faun., 147, 
409.—W oopHOUSE, Sitgreaves’s Exped. down the Zuti and Col. Riv., 1853, 47 (New Mexico).— 
GIEBEL, Siiuget., 1855, 619.—Btastus, Naturgesch. Siiuget. Deutschl., 1857, 405.—WILson, 
Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 2d ser., viii, 1858, 1 (fossil; Scotland; and geog. distr.).—Ti1emot, 
Verhandl. Ver. f. Naturk. v. Presburg, 1860-61, 21.—Ho1z1, ib., 96.—ZEITTLES, ib., 16.—SMirH, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 146 (habits Amer. Beav.).—FITzINGER, Zool. Gart., 1864, 273 
(habits Europ. Beav.).—RreEks, Zoblogist, 2d ser., 1869, 1953 (Newfoundland).—Corr, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 173 (fossil; Virginia).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., i, 1869, 
226; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1860, 190; xvii, 1874, 43; Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1874, 
49, 56, 61, 65.—LiLLyEBoRG, Fauna 6fver Sveriges och Norges, 1871, 346. 
Castor canadensis Kun, Beitr. z. Zoologie, 1820, 64—Fiscuer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 288.—NEWBERRY, 
Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 62 (California and Oregon).—Bairp, Mam. N. Amer., 
1858, 355, pl. xl viii, fig. 1 (skull); U. S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, ii, 1859, 40.—Cooprr, Pacif. 
R. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, ii, 1869, 82 (California, Oregon, and Washington Territory) ; 
Amer. Nat., ii, 1868, 533 (Upper Missouri).—SuckLey, Pacif. R. R. Exp]. and Surv., xii, 1859, 
ii, 100 (Milk River)—Lripy, Holmes’s Post-pliocene Fossils South Carolina, 1860, iii, pl. xxi, 
fig. 2 (fossil; Ashley River, S C.); Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., v, 1869, 405 (fossil).— 
HayYDEN, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 146 (Upper Missouri)—Covurs, Amer. Nat., 1, 
1867, 362; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 195 (Arizona).—GILPIN, Proc. and Trans. Nova 
Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., iii, 1872, 152 (Beaver dams)—GrerNn & Brown, Journ. Linn. Soc. 
ZoGl., x, 1869, 361 (nat. hist. and hunting ; Pacific slope of Rocky Mts.). 
Castor fiber var. americanus RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., i, 1829, 105.—WaGNER, Suppl. Schreber’s 
Siiuget., iv, 1844,7.—AupuBon & BacuMan, North Am. Quad., i, 1849, 347, pl. xlviimWyYMan, 
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 2d ser., x, 1850, 61, fig. 4 (fossil ; Memphis, Tenn.).—MorGan & 
ELy, The Beaver and his Works, 1868, 44, pl. i-xxiii, and 26 woodcuts (general history and 
anatomy). 
Castor ( fiber var. ?) canadensis Cours & Yarrow, Wheeler’s Exp]. and Surveys west 100th Merid., v, Zodl., 
1875, 123 (Colorado, Utah, and Arizona). 
*Many references additional to those here given to early papers on the general history and 
anatomy of the Beaver may be found in Brandt and Ratzeburg’s elaborate memoir on this animal 
(Medizinische Zoologie, 4to, Berlin, i, 1829, pp. 12-30), which is particularly rich in references to pre- 
Linngzan works. Dr. C. ues (see Bibliographical appendix to this article) has also kindly added other 
Teferences to the American Beaver. 
28 M 
